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Air Quality Framework Implementation Plan (2024 - 2026)

Foreword

West Midlands Combined Authority 

Air Quality Framework

Framework Implementation Plan (2024 – 2026)

November 2023

 

Greener TogetherWEST MIDLANDS

 

Foreword

 

 

As Mayor of the West Midlands, I am 

pleased to introduce the West Midlands 

Combined Authorities’ new Air Quality 

Framework Implementation Plan. Back 

in 2019, the West Midlands Combined 

Authority declared a climate emergency. 

Since then, we have grown our energy and 

environment programme to ensure we can 

tackle it. This comprehensive framework 

represents a vital step forward in our 

ongoing commitment to improving the 

quality of life for our residents, protecting 

our environment, and building a healthier, 

more sustainable future for our region. 

 

I believe clean air is not a luxury but a 

fundamental human right. Every breath 

we take should be pure, safe and free from 

pollutants. I am aware that, like many 

regions across the globe, we have faced 

a considerable challenge when it comes 

to air quality. That is why this plan is the 

result of intense collaboration between 

our local authorities, key national and 

regional stakeholders and the dedicated 

teams within the Combined Authority 

who share a commitment to addressing 

air quality issues head-on. Through their 

forward-thinking and evidence-based 

approach, they have created something 

that I genuinely believe will benefit the 

lives of future generations. 

 

Our existing Net Zero initiatives, such 

as retrofit and our active travel network, 

have demonstrated that we are first and 

foremost delivery-focused, and our work 

on air quality will be no different. 

Through this plan, money secured from 

central government will see the West 

Midlands lead the way in tackling air 

pollution, becoming home to one of 

Europe’s largest low-cost air quality 

sensor networks. 

 

However, there remains significant 

work to do - some of which will require 

innovation in technology, policy, 

regulation or approaches to behaviour 

change. I hope this plan inspires not only 

our local authorities and public servants 

but also the entire community to join 

us. Please see this as an invitation to 

come forward and work with us at pace 

to identify new solutions for tackling air 

pollution. Together, we can create a West 

Midlands where the beauty of our natural 

landscapes is matched by the purity of 

our air.

 

Andy Street 

Mayor of the West Midlands and Chair of 

the West Midlands Combined Authority

 

 

 

Foreword

 

 

Poor air quality remains the single biggest 

environmental risk to public health. The 

health impacts from poor air quality 

are significant: bronchitis, asthma, 

kidney disease, diabetes, dementia, and 

stunted lung development in children, 

and the list goes on. And poor air quality 

disproportionately impacts people living 

in deprivation, the very young and the old. 

Therefore, we all have an obligation to 

take action to reduce the sources of this 

pollution so that the people of the city 

and region can realise their full potential. 

 

Birmingham City Council has made a 

significant commitment to tackling this 

issue through the introduction of the 

Clean Air Zone and the Brum Breathes 

Clean Air Strategy. Both these actions 

focus on air pollution created by road 

traffic, which is the dominant source of 

air pollution in Birmingham and across the 

region. However, air pollution from other 

sources such as: biomass boilers, firework 

displays, diesel generators, demolition 

and construction, bonfires, wood burners, 

industrial emissions will require different 

solutions and more coordinated action 

across the region. 

 

The actions needed to improve outdoor 

air quality are clear. However, there is 

a growing need to better understand 

the sources and impacts of indoor air 

pollution. This is especially important 

as we start to realise improvements to 

outdoor air quality as the majority of our 

days are spent indoors.

 

There are far fewer studies of indoor air 

quality when compared with outdoor 

air quality, and pollution that affects 

indoor air quality is not just from indoor 

sources, such as cooking and stoves, it 

may also be due to outdoor pollutants. It 

is also true that some indoor sources emit 

pollutants that are found outdoors, such 

as particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen 

dioxide (NO2) from woodburning stoves 

and open fires. Indoor air quality is also 

impacted by works to reduce heat loss 

from buildings and we need to ensure 

important steps to improve the energy 

efficiency of our built environment 

incorporate appropriate ventilation. This 

is particularly vital in older homes with 

building-integrated air circulation via air 

bricks, open fireplaces and suspended 

floors. 

 

Critically, we know that someone with a 

pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular 

condition, or an allergy, is particularly 

affected by poor indoor air quality, and 

children are particularly at risk from 

respiratory problems, such as wheezing 

and asthma, eye and skin complaints and 

reduced cognitive performance. Work to 

improve air quality supports Birmingham’s 

ambition to be a UNICEF Child-Friendly 

City in which every child can enjoy the 

same opportunity to be safe, healthy, 

grow and develop. 

 

There are some spaces that are fully 

private, such as owner-occupied homes, 

but there are many more public indoor 

spaces, including health and education 

settings, shops and workspaces. Local 

authorities across the region provide 

social housing to tens of thousands of 

people. As with outdoor settings people 

are exposed to air pollution indoors 

but often feel unable to avoid it and 

unsure how to improve it. Therefore, by 

working collaboratively, across the region 

with colleagues from the Combined 

Authority, local authorities, public health 

and others we need to develop a better 

understanding of how we can prevent and 

reduce air pollution. And we need to do 

so as a matter of urgency. Alongside this 

is a commitment to involve the public in 

our work to improve air quality, so that 

people know what air quality is all about, 

why it is important, and what we can do 

together to improve it. 

 

Taking action to improve air quality can 

also help to address carbon emissions 

and enable some of the broader systemic 

changes required to achieve carbon 

neutrality within the next decade or 

so. Transport remains a significant 

contributor of carbon emissions, but 

fossil fuel combustion for heating, and 

those burned for electricity generation 

consumed in buildings is an equally 

large contributor. Therefore, by tackling 

the issues around indoor air quality and 

carbon emissions we have the opportunity 

to create more sustainable, lower cost 

homes for thousands of people across the 

city and the region. 

 

This Framework Implementation Plan 

provides a starting point for this work. 

We need more monitoring to better 

understand the locations and sources 

of air pollution. And we need to work 

across the region to share data, improve 

the understanding of the sources of air 

pollution and to provide people and 

organisations with the tools and support 

to address this issue.

 

Councillor John Cotton 

Leader of Birmingham City Council and 

Chair of the West Midlands Combined 

Authority Environment & Energy Board 

 

 

 

Executive Summary

 

These priority measures have been identified and 

narrowed down (from the full list of 145 measures 

identified within the Air Quality Framework1) through 

engagement and consultation with relevant partners, 

charities, and organisations. This engagement included 

a wide consultation event which sought the views of 

attendees regarding the options/measures that should 

be the focus of activities over the next two years. At 

the end of this, there will be a further Framework 

Implementation Plan developed. 

 

The options have been categorised into the following 

work packages:

 

¥ Monitoring and digital engagement;

¥ Air quality communications;

¥ Schools engagement; 

¥ General air quality engagement and behaviour 

change (including dedicated measures for 

domestic combustion);

¥ Net zero and retrofitting;

¥ Planning and air quality assessment; 

¥ Natural environment; and 

¥ Research.

 

 

In addition, there are standalone measures that do 

not fit into the above work packages at this stage. 

The prioritised measures/work packages target 

improvements in both nitrogen dioxide and particulate 

matter and look beyond road transport emissions. This 

reflects the shifting focus for protection of future health 

in relation to particulate matter and associated effects 

from both road transport and other sources. Notably, 

WM-Air researchers estimate that annually in the West 

Midlands, up to 2,300 early deaths are attributable 

to long term PM2.5 (particles that are less than 2.5 

micrometres (μm) in diameter) exposure.

 

The implementation of the priority measures will not 

replace, but complement, the existing activities that are 

being delivered by both Transport for West Midlands 

(TfWM) and the region’s local authorities to support 

improvements in air quality. 

 

Whilst this document has been produced by the WMCA, 

working with its constituent local authorities, the 

Framework will need a collaborative approach to enable 

delivery. This will include local and regional government, 

but also the commitment of local businesses and 

communities. The Framework will also need financial 

investment in order to implement, and then sustain, 

some of the measures identified. As air pollution is both 

produced and experienced locally and regionally, any 

emissions reduction (by industry, transport, and housing) 

as a result of the implementation of the Framework will 

have immediate local and regional benefits. 

 

We have begun our path to delivery through a DEFRA-

funded air quality grant and look to continue working 

with our regional partners, local businesses and 

communities as the Framework is delivered.

 

This first Framework Implementation Plan has been 

developed to summarise priority measures from the West 

Midlands Combined Authorities (WMCA’s) Air Quality 

Framework that will be progressed/delivered between 

2024 and 2026. The implementation of these priority 

measures will see progress towards WMCA’s vision:

 

“The West Midlands will have air 

quality that is safe for all people, 

no matter where you live in the 

region, resulting in significantly 

improved public health and 

environmental outcomes.”

 

WolverhamptonWalsallBirminghamDudleySandwellSolihullCoventry

 

6

 

Contents

 

1. Introduction: Purpose and Scope of the Plan............................................................................7

2. Air Quality, Policy, and Regional Summary...............................................................................10

2.1 Pollutants of Concern..........................................................................................................10

2.2 National Legislation, Policy, and Targets.............................................................................10

2.3 Impacts, Sources and Regional Picture...............................................................................12

 

 

 

3. Framework Overview................................................................................................................15

4. Wider West Midlands Strategic Approach...............................................................................16

5. Our Priorities 2024 – 2026.......................................................................................................17

6. Delivery and ways of working...................................................................................................31

7. Governance and financing.......................................................................................................32

8. How you can get involved........................................................................................................33

 

 

Appendices....................................................................................................................................35

 

Appendix A – Glossary............................................................................................................35

 

Appendix B – Proposed Government Priorities and Actions...................................................39

 

Appendix C – Framework Contributors and Consultees..........................................................41

 

Greener TogetherWEST MIDLANDS

 

1. Introduction: Purpose and Scope of the Plan

 

 

The Air Quality Framework and need for a 

Framework Implementation Plan 

 

The West Midlands Combined Authority (WMCA) 

has developed an Air Quality Framework2. This 

comprehensive document comprises a list of 145 

potential ‘options’ that could be enacted to address 

poor air quality and inequality of exposure. The options 

vary in terms of their likely impact, timescale for 

implementation and cost but focus on measures that 

can be implemented at a regional level. The Air Quality 

Framework recognises the role and responsibility of the 

West Midlands constituent3 and non-constituent local 

authorities4 on Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) 

and seeks to support and amplify their efforts through 

the provision of a strategic framework for the region. 

This directly aligns with the Environment Act 20215 

which suggests that more regional co-operation should 

be undertaken.

 

Given the scale of the task, this Framework 

Implementation Plan has been developed alongside the 

main Framework document to provide focus for work 

packages and measures to be prioritised during the 

initial two-year work programme.

 

It has been developed in conjunction with organisations 

from the public sector (including health, public health, 

and local authorities); research organisations and 

third sector organisations that have an interest in 

environment, health and air quality. Their feedback and 

input were gained through an interactive consultation 

process that allowed the identification of priority 

measures for implementation. 

 

The outcomes that we hope to achieve through the 

implementation of the Framework include, but are not 

limited to:

 

Reduced exposure to nitrogen dioxide 

(NO2) and particulate matter (PM10 and 

PM2.5 - particles that are less than 10 and 2.5 

micrometres (μm) in diameter respectively) 

striving to achieve better health outcomes 

for people living and working in the West 

Midlands.

 

Increased awareness amongst people, 

communities, developers, businesses, 

politicians, and policymakers of the need to 

tackle poor air quality in the West Midlands.

 

Improved monitoring, data collection and 

communication of the data to local groups, 

especially those at risk. The resulting insights 

should be used to understand the impact of 

various policy measures. Findings can then be 

used to inform discussions concerning future 

prioritisation to address poor air quality 

(including soft measures such as behaviour 

change campaigns and/or infrastructure 

solutions).

 

Increased regional and national co-working 

and cooperation to improve air quality and 

health outcomes in the most efficient way 

possible. This will build upon the work 

undertaken by local authorities and use the 

lessons learned to make the implementation 

and outcomes as effective as possible. 

 

The delivery of this Framework Implementation 

Plan will require collaboration across a wide range 

of stakeholders; it cannot be delivered by any one 

organisation (i.e. WMCA) acting alone. As a result, 

we plan to establish a Framework Delivery Group 

(FDG) that will complement existing governance 

arrangements. This will enable wider integration of 

regional stakeholders through focused task and finish 

groups tackling particular issues. More on this is 

outlined in Section 7.

 

Finally, the engagement and involvement of the West 

Midlands people and communities is fundamental to 

helping assess, prioritise, and implement measures. The 

Greener Together Citizens’ Panel has already provided 

input into the things we should consider when deciding 

to move forward with a particular measure or policy. We 

plan to continue working with the Panel to support the 

roll out of the Framework Implementation Plan.

 

Geographical Scope

 

 

 

The Air Quality Framework, and subsequent Framework 

Implementation Plan, are applicable to the seven 

constituent local authorities and 11 non-constituent 

local authorities which make up the WMCA region. For 

the purposes of this work, we have focused on the role 

of the constituent local authorities but, as with many 

other environmental issues, there is scope to collaborate 

across different geographies. For example, the Coventry 

and Warwickshire Air Quality Alliance have been a 

stakeholder in developing the Framework.

 

Anything that can be delivered by WMCA, constituent 

local authorities or partners is considered within the 

scope of the Framework. Options which fall outside of 

the scope of the Framework typically are those which 

rely upon national government to promote or are not 

implementable within the current powers. If we identify 

any powers that would benefit air quality and public 

health, then they could form part of a future devolution 

deal. 

 

Scope of the Plan

 

 

¥ Coventry

¥ Solihull

¥ Birmingham

¥ Sandwell

¥ Walsall

¥ Dudley

¥ Wolverhampton

 

 

 

 

Roles and Responsibilities

 

Table 1.1 lists the organisations involved within the development of the Air Quality 

Framework and their respective roles and responsibilities. There is a need to form 

a multi-disciplinary approach when considering measures to be implemented to 

improve air quality and health within the region (from transport, environmental and 

public health to planning etc.).

 

Role of WMCA

 

Each option within the Framework has an indicative WMCA role assigned to it, 

which is as follows:

 

 

Lead

WMCA would have direct responsibility and would take action;

 

 

Enable

WMCA can enable the option to go forward in some capacity 

(e.g. undertaking preliminary assessment work, providing 

physical items (e.g. trees) to enable the work to go forward); 

 

 

Convene

Bring parties together to discuss an issue/option and how it can 

be resolved. This could include providing inputs on challenging 

issues and then finding the mechanisms to address them (such as 

mitigation or adaptation).

 

 

The workplan in Section 5 is a combination of Framework options in 

complementary packages and standalone measures. It captures proposed 

ownership and delivery partners, as well as the targeted progress/delivery stage 

by the end of the initial two-year period. One of the strengths of a framework 

approach is that options within the Framework can be initially assessed, and 

experience drawn upon when required for more comprehensive and targeted 

assessment on a case-by-case basis. 

 

Table 1.1: Roles and Responsibilities Within the West Midlands

 

Organisation

 

Responsibilities

 

Transport

 

Planning

 

Public 

Health

 

Environment 

(excluding 

air quality)*

 

LAQM

 

Clean 

Air Zone 

(CAZ)

 

WMCA

 

 

 

 

Local 

Authorities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Environment 

Act (2021) 

Air Quality 

Partners**

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Notes:

* This is a responsibility that is shared across regional and local authorities. There 

are currently no statutory obligations (that sit outside planning), but the WMCA 

is expecting to be appointed responsible authority for the Local Nature Recovery 

Strategy (as outlined in the Environment Act, 2021). 

** Air Quality Partners may be a neighbouring local authority; a designated Relevant 

Public Authority (such as National Highways); the Environment Agency.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Air Quality, Policy, and Regional Summary

2.1 Pollutants of Concern

 

 

This Framework is primarily dealing with two ambient 

(i.e. outdoor) pollutants:

 

Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 is essentially a 

primary pollutant (directly emitted to 

the air). As such, it is typically emitted 

directly from or formed following high-

temperature combustion (notably, road 

transport).

 

Particulate Matter (particularly PM2.5) 

- Particulate matter has both primary 

and secondary elements (pollutants 

which are formed in the atmosphere, 

from the processing of other primary 

emissions). Direct emission sources 

include biomass (wood) burning, 

combustion, road traffic, resuspended 

dust and dust from construction; 

secondary sources include particle 

formation from the atmospheric 

processing of NO2, sulphur dioxide 

(SO2), volatile organic compound 

(VOC) gases, and ammonia (NH3).

 

2.2 National Legislation, Policy, and Targets

 

 

There are several regulatory and advisory limits on air 

pollutants, as well as suggested policy approaches 

and measures for tackling poor air quality. For local 

authorities and the region, the most recent update to 

air quality limits and policy was part of the Environment 

Act 2021, its subsequent regulations (The Environmental 

Targets (Fine Particulate Matter) (England) Regulations 

20236) and other strategies such as the Environmental 

Improvement Plan 20237. 

 

The current legally binding targets set are higher than 

the WHO Air Quality Guideline Values in Table 2.1, 

and therefore seen by many as not being sufficiently 

ambitious to maximise protection of health. It was noted 

in legislation that all areas within England should be able 

to reach the revised PM2.5 target within the timescales 

set. However, transboundary pollution, especially in 

London and the south-east arising from continental 

Europe, was used to justify not setting a more ambitious 

target. As such, there is a disparity between what the 

Government considers an achievable target for all of 

England (a requirement of the Environment Act) and 

what the World Health Organization recommends 

governments should set as their PM2.5 target, based on 

current evidence. 

 

Table 2.1: Key Ambient Air Quality Standards (for England) and Guideline Values Set by the World Health Organization

 

Pollutant 

 

Averaging Period 

 

Government Objectives and 

Targets in England (μg/m3) 

 

WHO Air Quality Guideline 

Values (μg/m3) 

 

Annual mean 

 

40

 

10

 

1-hour (hourly) mean 

 

200 (not to be exceeded 

more than 18 times a year)

 

N/A

 

24-hour (daily) mean 

 

N/A

 

25 (not to be exceeded more 

than 3 to 4 times a year) 

 

Annual mean 

 

40

 

15

 

24-hour (daily) mean 

 

50 (not to be exceeded more 

than 35 times a year) 

 

45 (not to be exceeded more 

than 3 to 4 times a year) 

 

 

 

Annual mean (in 2023)

 

20

 

5

 

Annual mean (2028 interim 

target)

 

12

 

5

 

Annual mean (2040 target)

 

10

 

5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Local Air Quality Management

 

Local authorities have had long standing responsibilities 

due to the LAQM regime under the Environment Act 

1995. There were amendments to the LAQM regime 

in the Environment Act 2021, alongside more defined 

responsibility for tacking local air pollution. The 

responsibility for addressing local air quality is now 

shared between designated relevant public authorities, 

all tiers of local government and neighbouring 

authorities. The key expectations have been further 

defined within a DEFRA policy paper8 which includes 

statements such as “If the government considers 

local action has not gone far enough, we will consider 

introducing a statutory duty on local authorities”. For 

context, Appendix B details what the government’s 

priorities and actions are and provides some context on 

what will be done nationally.

 

The LAQM regime requires every district and unitary 

authority to review and assess air quality in their area 

on a regular basis and present the findings in an Annual 

Status Report (ASR). The ASRs will identify if objectives 

have been, or will be, achieved at relevant locations by 

the required date. If an Air Quality Management Area 

(AQMA) is designated on the back of an ASR, an Action 

Plan should be prepared within 12 months following the 

declaration of the AQMA. 

 

There have been varying mechanisms and measures 

to reduce pollutant concentrations in areas with 

exceedances of the air quality objectives. However, 

typically these are in the form of transport schemes, 

smaller scale mitigation, behaviour change and wider 

geographical controls such as Smoke Control Areas 

(SCAs). 

More recently there have been measures such as Clean 

Air Zones and Zero Emission Zones (ZEZs) that can be 

used as a mechanism to meet the legally binding NO2 air 

quality objective in the shortest possible time. However, 

measures such as CAZs can have varying impacts on 

concentrations depending on the restrictions imposed, 

but typically the impact on NO2 is greatest. For example, 

the Birmingham CAZ area includes approximately 5% of 

the city population, which is one of the major limitations 

in achieving any significant health benefit (for major 

cost). CAZs can also exacerbate social and economic 

inequality, however, if funds are used efficiently, 

changes in behaviour and modal shift can provide wider 

benefits which may not be immediately apparent.

 

With the clarified responsibility to improve local air 

quality, it is imperative that regional solutions are 

implemented. This is a departure from most previous 

LAQM approaches, which have been primarily locally 

targeted when not included within a regional plan (such 

as a Local Transport Plan (LTP)). Most local authorities 

have extensive experience in improving air quality within 

their area, focusing on NO2; however, there are potential 

benefits to using this knowledge to expand measures 

across the region and implement new ones. 

 

 

 

2.3 Impacts, Sources and Regional Picture

 

 

Air Quality Impacts on Health and the Environment

 

Traditionally for ambient air pollution, the focus has 

been on NO2 and the larger particle sizes (such as 

PM10). However, there is a substantial evidence base 

that concludes9 PM2.5 is more dangerous to human 

health, as the particles can penetrate more deeply into 

the body, lungs and even bloodstream; and is causally 

associated with a broader range of health outcomes 

than NO2. This is reinforced within the Public Health 

Outcomes Framework (PHOF), where the ‘Fraction of 

mortality attributable to particulate air pollution’ only 

includes PM2.5. As such, the Framework options have 

a particular focus on reducing emissions and exposure 

to PM2.5. However, pollutants such as NH3 should not 

be ignored as they have both a direct impact on the 

natural environment and play a part in secondary 

PM2.5 formation, with emissions largely coming from 

agriculture. 

 

The mortality burden of long-term exposure to outdoor 

air pollution (i.e., an estimate of how many people die 

from long-term outdoor air quality exposure) in England 

is estimated to be equivalent to 26,000 to 38,000 

deaths a year10.

 

Most of these deaths attributable to outdoor air 

pollution are related to long-term exposure to PM2.5. 

WM-Air estimate that annually in the West Midlands, up 

to 2,300 early deaths are attributable to long term PM2.5 

exposure. In addition to the mortality burden, there is 

the causation and exacerbation of both avoidable and 

unavoidable chronic illnesses, such as asthma, along 

with associated impacts on mental health and cognitive 

function. As such, exposure to poor air quality has a 

significant impact on quality of life, public health, and 

the economy, when considering associated healthcare 

costs. As shown in Figure 1, the impact of poor air 

quality can affect anyone during their lifetime, and 

impacts are typically not equal. Air quality inequality 

can stem from a variety of factors including socio-

economics, ethnicity, age and other medical factors 

(such as pregnancy and pre-existing conditions).

 

Ambient air pollution also has an impact on the natural 

environment, with pollutants such as nitrogen oxides 

(NOX) and NH3 having an impact on sensitive plants 

through the formation of nitric acid in sunlight, which is 

a major constituent of acid rain, tropospheric ozone and 

smog. Through processes such as nitrogen deposition 

and direct toxicity, increased pollution can lead to a 

decrease in biodiversity and even crop damage, because 

some plants can adapt to the changes better than 

others. 

 

Indoor air pollution is affected by both actions that 

happen indoors, and the quality of the air outdoors 

entering the space in question. Sources of indoor 

air pollution include combustion sources (such as 

gas boilers/hobs and solid fuel appliances like log 

burners), household products, furniture mould, cooking 

and outdoor pollutants. Indoor air quality is a less 

mature field of study than outdoor air quality. With 

improvements to outdoor air quality, it is expected that 

there will be an increased focus on indoor air quality, 

given the time that people spend indoors, and the 

range of behavioural and other interventions which 

can mitigate exposure. This can include advice on 

better ventilation, change to electric cooking methods, 

having a smoke free home (no smoking and log 

burners), reducing the use of harsh cleaning chemicals 

and keeping your home heated/ventilated to prevent 

condensation leading to damp and mould. 

 

Figure 1: Health effects of air pollution throughout life. 

Adapted from the Chief Medical Officer’s 2022 Annual Report: Air Pollution11

 

Pregnancy

◦Low birth weightChildren

◦Asthma

◦Slower development of 

◦lung function

◦Development problems

◦More wheezing and coughs

◦Start of atheroscleroisAdults

◦Asthma

◦Coronory Heart Disease

◦Stroke

◦Lung Cancer

◦Chronic obstructive 

pulmonary disease 

◦DiabetesElderly

◦Asthma

◦Accelerated decline 

in lung function

◦Lung cancer

◦Diabetes

◦Dementia

◦Heart attack, heart failureand stroke

 

Pollutant Sources Within the West Midlands

 

Primary NO2 and NOX emissions in the West Midlands 

are dominated by road transport. Within this, as 

typical for UK urban environments, emissions are 

dominated by older diesel vehicles. Particulate matter, 

with a lifetime of a few days, bridges this divide: PM 

concentrations in the West Midlands reflect both local 

emissions, and transported pollution from elsewhere 

(i.e. transboundary pollution). Primary particulate matter 

emissions in the West Midlands also have a much wider 

spread of sources – including commercial and domestic 

combustion, industrial production and road transport. 

 

The largest single source of particulate matter emissions 

in the West Midlands is domestic and commercial 

combustion.

 

Air pollutants are dispersed and transported by 

the wind. Weather conditions can also affect their 

deposition and removal. Their rate of removal from the 

air – or lifetime – reflects the importance of transported 

pollution relative to local emissions. Notably, levels 

of short-lived species will be dominated by local or 

regional emissions (e.g. NO2); at the opposite extreme 

levels of very long-lived species depend upon emissions 

globally (e.g. carbon dioxide (CO2)).

 

Whilst we are expecting urban NO2 to decrease with 

the move to electric vehicles, projections from the 

National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory indicate that 

we cannot currently anticipate an equivalent reduction 

in PM2.5 without additional interventions (related to 

non-exhaust particulate matter sources: brake, tyre, and 

road wear, exacerbated by increased vehicle weight).

 

West Midlands Ambient Air Quality Overview

 

Ambient air quality has significantly improved over the 

past 50 years, particularly with notable reductions in 

pollutants like NO2. This trend is expected to continue 

as the transportation industry shifts towards lower 

and zero-emission vehicles. However, the decrease in 

particulate matter concentrations has slowed in the last 

decade. Moreover, particulate matter emissions are 

not solely from transportation; domestic combustion, 

especially in the West Midlands, remains a primary 

source of particulate matter emissions, and an increase 

in solid fuel combustion in recent years has hindered 

overall emission reductions.

 

NH3 is typically more relevant to the natural 

environment but is gaining importance in terms of 

human health. It can contribute to increased secondary 

PM2.5 concentrations through chemical reactions in 

the atmosphere. 

 

Ammonia emissions and concentrations have not 

decreased to the same extent as other pollutants. 

 

The highest 2021 annual average PM2.5 concentrations 

in the West Midlands are modelled in central 

Birmingham, Coventry, Sandwell and Walsall (as shown 

overleaf in Figure 2). This is largely supported by the 

monitoring undertaken by the WMCA constituent local 

authorities and published within their ASRs. N.B this 

dataset is a modified 2016 model and therefore it has 

limited influence from COVID-19. This is because it 

utilises a 2021 vehicle fleet that would not be affected 

by COVID-19.

 

Across the region, monitored concentrations of PM10 

and PM2.5 are below their respective objectives, with 

monitored annual mean PM2.5 concentrations being 

below the 2040 target (10μg/m3) in recent years.

This indicates that in comparison to the government’s 

objectives, monitored particulate matter concentrations 

are acceptable (although this may not capture all 

pollution hot spots). However, PM2.5 in all areas exceeds 

the WHO Air Quality Guideline Value (5μg/m3); this is 

the situation across England, due to the combination 

of urban, rural, and transboundary pollution, from a 

mixture of natural and human origins. 

DEFRA mapping for 2019 indicates that ward-mean 

annual average PM2.5 levels in 72 of the 192 wards 

within the West Midlands exceed 10μg/m3. Modelling 

by WM-Air12 suggests that that 1.2m people or ca. 

40% of the West Midlands’ population live in wards 

where ward average annual mean PM2.5 concentrations 

exceed 10μg/m3. What emerges from this data is that 

the least advantaged areas (highest indices of multiple 

deprivation (IMD) score) tend to have the worst air 

quality and that the picture varies depending on the 

data source and methodology used. 

 

 

 

Based on the WM-Air modelling (through the Air Quality 

Life Assessment Tool (AQ-LAT), across the WMCA 

area in 2019 the estimated fraction of annual mortality 

attributable to particulate air pollution was up to 8.4%, 

which is higher than the West Midlands average. 

Sandwell is predicted to have the highest fraction at 

up to 8.8%, whilst Solihull, has the lowest fraction of 

attributable mortality in the WMCA area at up to 7.9%. 

It should be noted that national PHOF fractions (shown 

in Appendix B) are based on NAEI background mapping 

and have a lower fraction in comparison. 

 

Although the regional PM2.5 monitoring results are 

promising when compared to the Government’s 2040 

target, meeting more ambitious targets will reduce 

the burden and promote a wide array of benefits 

to the region. These include but are not limited to 

improvements in health, reduction in inequality and 

financial benefits of a healthier and more productive 

West Midlands. 

 

For NO2, there have been historical exceedances of 

the annual mean objective prior to COVID-19, and 

locations in the West Midlands where NO2 exceeded the 

objective during covid affected years (2020 and 2021). 

In line with the national trends, the number of locations 

exceeding the annual mean NO2 objective has been 

decreasing over the past 15 years, however, in some 

urban locations, the concentrations are not decreasing 

at the same rate as elsewhere within the region. The 

results for 2022 (the first year to not have significant 

COVID-19 related impacts) are currently being prepared 

by local authorities, so this will provide further update 

on the progress made in dealing with road-source NO2 

emissions and exceedances of the annual mean NO2 

objective.

 

PM₂.₅ Concentration (μg m⁻³)

<= 9.09.0 - 10.0 (2040 Target)

10.0 - 11.011.0 - 12.0 (2027 Interim Target)

12.0 - 13.013.0 - 14.014.0 - 15.015.0 - 16.016.0 - 17.0> 17.0Local Authority BoundariesPredicted 2021 PM₂.₅ ConcentrationsBased on WM-Air ModellingMap data © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA - Accessible Colour Scheme Adapted from Research by Paul Tol

NO₂ Concentration (μg m⁻³)

<= 16.016.0 - 20.020.0 - 24.024.0 - 28.028.0 - 32.032.0 - 36.036.0 - 40.0 (UK Limit)

40.0 - 44.044.0 - 48.0> 48.0Local Authority BoundariesPredicted 2021 NO₂ ConcentrationsBased on WM-Air ModellingMap data © OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA - Accessible Colour Scheme Adapted from Paul Tol Research

Figure 2: Modelled 2021 annual average concentrations of PM2.5 (left) and NO2 (right) in the West Midlands. Provided by WM-Air modelling.

 

 

 

3. Framework Overview

 

 

In response to member questions on air quality, WMCA 

in conjunction with the WM-Air project at the University 

of Birmingham, prepared an Air Quality Options paper13, 

which was presented to the WMCA Board in February 

2022. 

 

An initial overview of actions was identified in this 

paper, but there was recognition that this needed to be 

translated into an Air Quality Framework comprising a 

list of options assessed and prioritised against criteria 

including health outcomes, wider benefits, feasibility 

of implementation, cost and timescales as well as the 

likelihood to deliver air quality improvements. The Air 

Quality Framework took these options and included 

additional options following discussions with constituent 

local authorities and research from other key sources 

(such as from DEFRA14). The main Framework document 

details each of the stages in the Framework process. 

Figure 3 provides a summary of the stages of work 

undertaken.

 

At the inception of the Framework, and throughout 

the process, regular discussion and consultation was 

undertaken with TfWM, constituent local authorities 

and partners such as WM-Air. Details of the contributors 

and consultees for the Framework are given in Appendix 

C. These discussions shaped the Framework’s scope 

and direction, along with specific options which had 

not been previously identified. The WMCA’s Greener 

Together Citizens’ Panel also led the development of 

guiding principles that should be used as part of the 

detailed assessment and implementation of options 

outlined in this Framework Implementation Plan. More 

detail on how the Air Quality Framework options were 

appraised can be found in the document here.

 

A targeted consultation process was also undertaken 

in August 2023, culminating in an in-person workshop 

event. Organisations from the public sector (including 

health, public health, and local authorities); research; 

and third sector organisations that have an interest in 

environment, health and air quality were invited to the 

event. The workshop event allowed for relevant decision 

makers and other key organisations to provide feedback 

on the draft Framework document, discuss air quality 

issues and make recommendations on the options they 

would like included within this document. Following 

the consultation event, feedback and comments were 

collated along with the option recommendations 

for inclusion within this Air Quality Framework 

Implementation Plan. The resultant list of priorities 

within Section 5 provides a challenging, but achievable 

set of packages and measures to improve air quality 

within the region. 

 

Stage 1:

Initial Discussions and 

Consultation with Local 

Authorities, Partners etc. 

Stage 2:

Assembly of 

Wider Advisory Group 

and Appraisal PanelStage 4:

Red-Amber-Green (RAG) 

Long List Option AppraisalStage 5:

Qualitative Multiple-Criteria 

Decision Analysis (MCDA), 

Option Weighting and 

Option Preferences 

Stage 7:

ConsultationStage 8:

Framework Finalisation, 

Implementation Plan 

and ApprovalStage 9:

ImplementationStage 3:

Framework Options 

Pre-ScreenStage 6:

Draft Framework 

and WMCA 

E&E Board Approval

Figure 3: Framework Stages and Workflow 

 

 

 

4. Wider West Midlands Strategic Approach

 

 

The Air Quality Framework, and this Framework 

Implementation Plan, do not sit within a policy vacuum. 

Strategic approach, and delivery, is dependent on 

effective coordination across other WMCA and local 

authority functions. These predominantly relate to:

 

¥ Existing air quality plans (especially local authority 

AQAPs and strategies).

¥ Transport plans, including the LTP, and associated 

area strategies and implementation plans.

¥ Net zero plans. At a regional level this is the 

WM2041 plan (and the associated Five-Year Plan) 

as well as local authority net zero strategies.

¥ Other linked area of work, e.g. regional and local 

public health and natural environment plans. 

 

 

These are represented in Figure 4. We expect the Air 

Quality Framework Delivery Group to work with all of 

these areas as part of delivery (also see governance in 

Section 7).

 

Within the boxes in the below diagram, there are 

specific plans and strategies that will be relevant to the 

successful delivery of air quality improvements. For 

example, the local authority plans and strategies box 

represents planning, local net zero plans, public health 

strategy, transport and natural environment (noting 

these may not necessarily be interlinked at a local 

authority level). We will be relying on the work with 

local authorities to identify areas where the Air Quality 

Framework can support on delivery and consistency.

 

Further, each of these plans/ strategies will be on a 

different cycle of renewal, approval, and adoption. As a 

result, the aim would be for the Air Quality Framework 

to support the provision of up-to-date information and 

action on addressing air quality for inclusion where 

appropriate.

 

WM2041 Five Year PlanWMCA NaturalEnvironmental PlanAir Quality FrameworkLocal Authority Air QualityAction Plan and StrategiesLocal Authority 

Plans and StrategiesWMCAKey:

Local AuthorityWMCA Air QualityFrameworkAir Quality FrameworkImplementation PlanLocal Transport Plan andassociated documentsand strategiesHealth of the Region

Figure 4: Alignment of the WMCA Air Quality Framework to Regional Strategies

 

 

 

5. Our Priorities 2024 – 2026

 

 

This section outlines the priorities of the Framework for 

the next two years by providing a set of work packages 

(WP) and measures to progress. The tables within this 

section provide an overview of the following:

 

¥ What each package or measure will deliver;

¥ Expected stage of delivery for the next two years;

¥ Cross references to the Framework options;

¥ Ownership for delivery and stakeholders/

consultees;

¥ Indicative costs; and

¥ Risks and dependencies.

 

 

The overall scope, tasks required to progress, and 

funding requirements vary across the work packages 

and measures. As such, there are varied levels of 

delivery targeted within the two-years this document 

covers, grouped as:

 

¥ Outline feasibility stage;

¥ Business case prepared;

¥ Funding sought/secured;

¥ Early stage implementation; and

¥ Full implementation.

 

 

The Framework options vary in scope and granularity, with some options within the Framework having logical 

synergies with others. Where this is the case and there is benefit to a combined delivery, options have been 

grouped together into a work package. These include:

 

Monitoring and Digital Engagement

 

Table 5.1

 

Air Quality Communications

 

Table 5.2

 

Schools

 

Table 5.3

 

General Air Quality Engagement and Behaviour Change

 

Table 5.4

 

Dedicated Engagement and Behaviour Change Package for 

Domestic Combustion

 

Table 5.5

 

Net Zero and Retrofit

 

Table 5.6

 

Planning and Air Quality Assessment

 

Table 5.7

 

Natural Environment

 

Table 5.8

 

Research

 

Table 5.9

 

Transport for West Midlands and Local Authority Standalone Measures

 

Table 5.10

 

Additional Standalone Measures for WMCA, Transport for West Midlands 

and Local Authorities (1)

 

Table 5.11

 

Additional Standalone Measures for WMCA, Transport for West Midlands 

and Local Authorities (2)

 

Table 5.12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Many of the work packages are interconnected 

with common themes and actions, so there will be 

opportunities for reduced overheads when it comes to 

resourcing, finances, and delivery. Key aspects such as 

the building of communication channels and monitoring 

of outcomes can be applied across all work packages. 

 

Those options that represent larger distinct works 

by themselves or do not naturally fit into the above 

structure have been retained as standalone measures. 

These standalone measures have the potential to be 

incorporated into existing or future work (such as the 

TfWM LTP) and the Framework Delivery Group will 

have a role in optimising the delivery of these measures, 

whether that be processing with a measure in isolation 

or have it incorporated into other packages. Table 

5.10 (Transport for West Midlands and local authority 

standalone transport measures) and Tables 5.11 and 

5.12 (additional standalone measures for WMCA, 

Transport for West Midlands and local authorities) 

summarise the measures that have not been placed into 

a work package. In all the tables below, the Framework 

options which make up the work packages or measures 

are stated, with the option description, followed by 

the Framework option identifier (such as ‘MON1’) in 

brackets. 

 

Regarding finances and funding sources, an assumption 

has been made that officer time will be available 

from local authorities, supported by a WMCA officer 

post (currently financed by DEFRA). We do, however, 

recognise that there are significant capacity issues in 

terms of delivery in the constituent local authorities, 

which is a potential risk to delivery of some of these 

programmes. Providing additional resource through 

external support will be critical for success.

 

Some work packages and measures can be delivered in 

conjunction with existing projects and work (with some 

additional funding or officer time), but others will need 

standalone funding. Indicative resource requirements 

for the next 2 years have been identified against these. 

 

Much of the engagement and behaviour change work 

can be delivered through existing officer time, potential 

additional resources and by leveraging the benefits of 

having more of a regional approach. Others, such as 

those relating to transport and infrastructure, will be 

much more complex to estimate financially and will 

have to be determined once allocated to a delivery 

partner and once a scope is defined. The Framework 

Delivery Group will play an integral role in identifying 

sources of finance and resourcing the delivery of the 

work packages and measures. In advance of this, it has 

already been demonstrated that the WMCA and seven 

constituent local authorities are able to attract funding 

through DEFRA grants and Department for Levelling 

Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC) funding. There 

is also the scope for Section 106 (S106) funding and 

funds raised on the back of revised planning guidance 

(i.e. damage cost calculations) to support specific work 

packages in the future. 

 

Where the costs of stand-alone measures and work 

packages are not yet known, the following scale has 

been applied based on professional judgement:

 

¥ £ - Officer time, or below £100,000

¥ ££ - Between £100,000 and £500,000

¥ £££ - Above £500,000.

 

 

 

 

Table 5.1: WP1 - Monitoring and Digital Engagement

 

Monitoring and Digital Engagement

 

Package Summary

 

Establish a West Midlands wide low-cost sensor network, along with an associated standalone website, network standard and behaviour change 

elements. This will bring together existing indicative low-cost sensors from local authorities, plus existing monitoring that is used for compliance. This 

will enable increased understanding of particulate concentrations within the region and provide tools to reduce exposure and emissions to benefit 

public health. The network will be designed in conjunction with partners and with guidance/standards to be shaped by upcoming DEFRA low-cost 

sensor guidance.

 

Expected Delivery

 

Full 

implementation.

 

Consisting of Framework Options

 

¥ Establish a West Midlands wide low-cost sensor network, with an associated standalone website that includes existing regional data, enable other systems (such as an 

alert system) and air quality information that is effective for behaviour change. (MON1)

¥ Establish regional standards on air quality monitoring covering all monitoring types to ensure that the data being acquired is robust and the equipment used is to a 

minimum standard. (MON2)

¥ Use a centralised West Midlands air quality network website as a data store to enable various analyses such as trends and the quantification of the impact of air quality 

measures. (MON4)

¥ Use low-cost sensors to capture high level domestic combustion data to be used in effective behavioural change advertisement and create real life stories/case 

studies. (EBC9)

¥ Provide a centralised online public resource and/or platform for engagement and behaviour change co-ordination across the West Midlands. (EBC30)

¥ Use a regional air quality website to deliver key air quality information and effective information to facilitate behavioural change through a single point for the West 

Midlands. (EBC31)

¥ Interactive online resources to demonstrate air quality issues. (EBC32)

 

 

Proposed WMCA Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to lead, with local authority and partner input.

 

Stakeholders / Consultees

 

Local authorities, TfWM, communities, medical professionals/GPs and businesses.

 

Indicative Two-Year Costs and Sources

 

£640k (already secured through DEFRA grant and DLUHC funding), likely to cover 

up to five years.

 

Risks

 

Long term viability without long term funding. Dating of equipment due to adoption 

of new technologies/fragmentation of technologies. Lack of promotion and engaging 

materials on the centralised website leading to lack of usage.

 

Indicative Long-Term Costs and Sources

 

TBC following finalisation of scope and procurement, however existing funds 

expected to provide support to five years (££-£££).

 

Dependencies

 

External funding (including promotion), local authority highways/TfWM support for 

installation on lampposts where required and property owner consent.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.2: WP2 - Air Quality Communications

 

Air Quality Communications

 

Package Summary

 

Produce a communications strategy and materials to harmonise and maximise the effective delivery of air quality communications throughout the 

West Midlands. This would include using existing channels of communications (such as local authority communication teams) and leveraging trusted 

advisors to disseminate key information to those that need it the most. Having coordinated and harmonised air quality messaging will be key to 

increasing awareness and leading to changes in behaviour. Utilising local authority public health teams will be critical in the creation and dissemination 

of materials through existing partnerships and communication channels.

 

Expected Delivery

 

Early stage to full 

implementation.

 

Consisting of Framework Options

 

¥ Leverage campaigns for public transport, walking and cycling to promote the various co-benefits (including emissions and health) along with exposure mitigation. 

(EBC10)

¥ Use health professionals to educate and disseminate targeted air quality information to vulnerable and at-risk patients. (EBC27)

¥ Work with existing public health channels to deliver consistent messaging across the West Midlands. (EBC29)

¥ Use trusted advisors to disseminate air quality messaging (including faith leaders, GPs, nurses, fire service etc). (EBC34)

¥ Ensure that air quality communication and engagement are consistent and inclusive across the West Midlands (and modified where necessary) to make messaging as 

clear as possible with the best chance of behavioural change. (EBC38)

¥ Roll out tools to warn and update residents of poor air quality and supported by regional/local healthcare system. (PH1)

 

 

Proposed WMCA Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to lead, with local authorities supporting on local implementation.

 

Stakeholders / Consultees

 

Local authorities (air quality, public health, and communication teams), TfWM, 

healthcare, communities, and external organisations.

 

Indicative Two-Year Costs and Sources

 

Set up and initial delivery of the work package expected to be in the region of 

£80,000. This would include a feasibility study/business case for an alert system and 

healthcare system integration. 

 

Risks

 

Poor public reach due to lack of coordination in communications, no agreement 

on messaging and key messages, conflicting messaging, lack of support within 

communities. No scope to update healthcare systems to integrate air quality alerts/

warnings leading to lack of use.

 

Indicative Long-Term Costs and Sources

 

TBC following feasibility – Expected to be officer time, any identified promotional 

costs and long-term support of air quality alert system if implemented (£-££).

 

Dependencies

 

Establishment of strong communication channels, agreement on messaging, 

frequency, and style. Lessons learnt and outputs from the WMCA led DEFRA 

behaviour change project.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.3: WP3 - Schools 

 

Schools

 

Package Summary

 

Produce a coordinated approach to engaging with West Midlands schools on air quality. Several local authorities already undertake schools’ 

engagement. However, utilising existing experience, lessons learnt and contacts to deliver a consistent engagement programme and accreditation 

scheme should provide better air quality outcomes in a timely and financially efficient way. Working with a wide range of partners and local 

organisations will allow for greater access to secondary and further education establishments, which are historically difficult to engage with (due to 

such factors as resourcing, time, and curriculum relevancy). There should be engagement and linkages to existing programmes and working with 

existing groups who campaign in the area (such as Mums for Lungs). 

 

 

Expected Delivery

 

Early-stage 

implementation. 

 

Consisting of Framework Options

 

¥ Introduce a West Midlands schools accreditation and education scheme for air quality. (EBC28)

¥ Develop and deliver a consistent regional schools engagement programme across the West Midlands, with flexibility to account for variations across the area (such as 

city vs suburban locations). (PH4)

 

 

Proposed WMCA Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to enable, with local authorities leading on local implementation.

 

Stakeholders / Consultees

 

Schools, local authorities (air quality, public health, and communication teams), 

TfWM, communities and external organisations.

 

Indicative Two-Year Costs and Sources

 

Establishment of the region wide programme and initial delivery of the work package 

expected to be in the region of £100,000.

 

Risks

 

Low uptake by schools (particularly secondary schools) because of lack of time/

resourcing, duplication of work. Lack of officer time leading to fewer schools and a 

smaller programme.

 

Indicative Long-Term Costs and Sources

 

TBC following feasibility – Expected to be officer time + any identified promotional 

costs (£). Potential sources to be investigated, could include Section 106 agreement 

or damage cost assessment funding steams (where in place and applicable). 

Potential funding request from DEFRA etc.

 

Dependencies

 

Sufficient officer time and promotion to provide an effective programme.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.4: WP4 - General Air Quality Engagement and Behaviour Change

 

General Air Quality Engagement and Behaviour Change

 

Package Summary

 

Produce a public health toolkit (a collection of authoritative and adaptable resources) and toolbox of measures (a package of measures for 

implementation) to raise the awareness of air quality issues and how changes in behaviour can have both personal and wider benefits. This should 

also include information on general behaviour change on better transport choices and small changes to reduce personal emissions when possible. The 

toolkit and toolbox approach will aim to reduce the ongoing resourcing burden, as resources and measures are collated for easier implementation. 

Linkages to the air quality communications package is key to disseminate information and ensure the information reaches everyone within the West 

Midlands. There will be key interactions with the DEFRA behaviour change project regarding campaigns that could be implemented, and the lessons 

learnt. 

 

 

Expected Delivery

 

Early stage to full 

implementation. 

 

Consisting of Framework Options

 

¥ Raise awareness of wider general indoor air quality issues, how to manage and potential solutions. (EBC4)

¥ Provide information on how to reduce personal exposure to poor air quality outside of the home and what can be benefits can be. (EBC25)

¥ Develop a small public health toolkit between stakeholders which standardises air quality communications and phrases across the West Midlands to ensure that 

communications are consistent and effective. (EBC26)

¥ Develop a toolbox of measures that local authorities can easily implement and have pre-packaged communications packages that local authorities can use to promote 

the measures. (PH3)

 

 

Proposed WMCA Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to lead, with local authorities supporting on local implementation.

 

Stakeholders / Consultees

 

Local authorities (air quality, public health, and communication teams), TfWM, 

healthcare, communities, external organisations, and businesses.

 

Indicative Two-Year Costs and Sources

 

£350,000 funding secured through DEFRA for a seven behaviour change 

programmes across the WMCA area (covering themes in WP4 and WP5).

 

Risks

 

Poor public reach due to lack of coordination in communications, no agreement 

on messaging and key messages, conflicting messaging, lack of support within 

communities. Lack of officer time leading to a smaller programme.

 

Indicative Long-Term Costs and Sources

 

TBC following feasibility – Expected to be officer time + any identified promotional 

costs (£). Potential sources to be investigated, could include Section 106 agreement 

or damage cost assessment funding steams (where in place and applicable).

 

Dependencies

 

Establishment of strong communication channels, agreement on messaging, 

frequency, and style. Lessons learnt and outputs from the WMCA led DEFRA 

behaviour change project.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.5: WP5 - Dedicated Engagement and Behaviour Change Package for Domestic Combustion

 

Dedicated Engagement and Behaviour Change Package for Domestic Combustion

 

Package Summary

 

Produce an effective regional engagement and behaviour change campaign to raise the profile of domestic combustion issues, particularly log burning, 

and the steps that can be taken to reduce non-essential emissions and exposure. Many residents are unaware of the health risks that even DEFRA 

approved appliances can have on their household’s health and others within the region. Using lessons learnt from the DEFRA behaviour change project 

and others (such as the London Wood Burning Project), the package will aim to inform and promote small changes in behaviour to reduce a major 

source of PM2.5 emissions within the region. Reducing the level of misinformation and misconceptions regarding log burning and domestic combustion 

will be key, as will driving home the real-world health risks. It should be noted that there is the potential to deal with some aspects of domestic 

combustion through the planning process, via planning conditions on new development alongside Building Regulations requirements.

 

 

Expected Delivery

 

Early-stage 

implementation. 

 

Consisting of Framework Options

 

¥ To raise awareness of specific air quality issues and potential solutions associated with the use of log burners, fireplaces, and bonfires. (EBC1)

¥ Raise awareness of air quality issues and potential solutions associated with general domestic combustion. (EBC2)

¥ Where solid fuel combustion is required, raise awareness to ensure the correct fuels are used (i.e. dry seasoned wood). (EBC3)

 

 

Proposed WMCA Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to lead, with local authorities supporting on local implementation.

 

Stakeholders / Consultees

 

Local authorities (air quality, public health, and communication teams), healthcare, 

communities, external organisations, and businesses.

 

Indicative Two-Year Costs and Sources

 

£350,000 funding secured through DEFRA for a seven behaviour change 

programmes across the WMCA area (covering themes in WP4 and WP5).

 

Risks

 

Poor public reach due to lack of coordination in communications, no agreement 

on messaging and key messages, conflicting messaging, lack of support within 

communities. Lack of officer time leading to a smaller programme. Adverse publicity 

when targeting non-essential combustion. Potential cost of living implications for 

small minority who have combustion appliances as their main source of heating and 

hot water.

 

 

Indicative Long-Term Costs and Sources

 

TBC following feasibility – Expected to be officer time + any identified promotional 

costs (£). Potential sources to be investigated, could include Section 106 agreement 

or damage cost assessment funding steams (where in place and applicable).

 

Dependencies

 

Establishment of strong communication channels, agreement on messaging, 

frequency, and style. Lessons learnt and outputs from the WMCA led DEFRA 

behaviour change project.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.6: WP6 - Net Zero and Retrofit 

 

Net Zero and Retrofit

 

Package Summary

 

Leverage existing WMCA and local authority net zero initiatives to promote the co-benefits of addressing air quality and Net Zero at the same time, 

for example through the WMCA Net Zero Neighbourhood programme. The incorporation of air quality as a greater component and recognising both 

the benefit and disbenefits of climate and net-zero action will promote air quality issues and promote changes that reduce emissions and exposure 

when implemented. The retrofit scheme will also have the potential to target more deprived areas and reduce the exposure of those most affected by 

poor air quality. Links to the changes in indoor air quality because of retrofit could be made, with promotional campaigns undertaken. There are also 

opportunities for the new WM-Net Zero research project to support and provide outputs, alongside linkages to other research, such as Framework 

option PH5 (Research into the real-world exposure of West Midlands residents (including the differences in exposure based on age and socio-economic 

situation) and what measures can be effectively implemented based on the findings).

 

 

Expected Delivery

 

Full 

implementation.

 

Consisting of Framework Options

 

¥ Metrics for improving air quality, to capture co-benefits from net zero actions and for policy to reduce regional health inequalities. (CNZ1)

¥ Reduce fuel combustion by improving home energy efficiency. (DOM1)

¥ Supporting the transition from gas central heating. (DOM4)

¥ Support landlords and homeowners in accessing grants to retrofit. (DOM6)

 

 

Proposed WMCA Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to lead, with local authorities supporting on local implementation.

 

Stakeholders / Consultees

 

Local authorities (air quality, public health, net zero and planning teams), TfWM, 

WM-Net Zero, businesses, housing organisations, healthcare, and communities.

 

Indicative Two-Year Costs and Sources

 

TBC following feasibility – Officer time (£) from an air quality perspective but tying 

into existing packages (£££). Potential sources to be investigated, could include 

section 106 agreement or damage cost assessment funding steams (where in place 

and applicable).

 

Risks

 

Potential costs to lead to meaningful change when based on air quality grounds. 

Message getting lost in the net zero messaging. Lack of officer time. Cost of living 

crisis impacting affordability of measures. 

 

 

Indicative Long-Term Costs and Sources

 

TBC following feasibility – Officer time (£) from an air quality perspective but tying 

into existing packages (£££). Potential sources to be investigated, could include 

Section 106 agreement or damage cost assessment funding steams (where in place 

and applicable).

 

Dependencies

 

Continuation of current net zero programmes, net zero neighbourhoods’ expansion.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.7: WP7 - Planning and Air Quality Assessment 

 

Planning and Air Quality Assessment Considerations

 

Package Summary

 

Air quality is a material planning consideration and ensuring that the planning process both promotes and addresses air quality issues is a key aspect 

of delivering better air quality outcomes. By having specific aspects of planning identified as best practice consistently throughout the West Midlands, 

standards can be raised, and developers know what is required. Some aspects such as air quality positive/neutral (i.e. ensuring that new developments’ 

transport and building emissions do not worsen air quality; and maximising air quality benefits, while minimising exposure) and health impact 

assessments may require a longer-term approach, however they can be powerful tools to reduce future emissions and exposure for both new and 

existing residents. There should be a clear process on what should be done when there is a potential negative impact on air quality/public health. This 

will ensure it is clear for developers and consultants on what is expected and how this should be dealt with, ideally prior to a planning decision being 

made. There is the potential to expand existing requirements for damage cost assessments to fund air quality initiatives and promote higher standards 

of development.

 

Expected Delivery

 

Business case 

to early-stage 

implementation.

 

Consisting of Framework Options

 

¥ Establish a region wide planning and design for air quality best practice document which will be kept updated with local, regional, and national changes in guidance 

and legislation. (PPG1)

¥ Introduce air quality neutral and/or air quality positive assessments into the planning process across the West Midlands. (PPG2)

¥ Including Health Impact Assessments (HIA) in planning applications that consider air quality. (PPG8)

¥ Ensure that there is the sufficient assessment/integration of transport plans and projects (such as area transport strategies and mitigation schemes) to ensure that the 

air quality impacts are quantified and where necessary, mitigated. (TRN1)

¥ Land use planning - give preference to developments in locations that minimise the need to travel and/or propose sufficient facilities, which will therefore reduce 

operational impacts. (NBE8)

 

 

Proposed WMCA Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to enable/convene, to be led by local authorities.

 

Stakeholders / Consultees

 

Local authorities (air quality, public health and planning teams), TfWM and communities.

 

Indicative Two-Year Costs and Sources

 

£60,000 to bring in external delivery support.

 

Risks

 

Patchy implementation, evolving planning processes, legislation, guidance etc. Political support for additional 

planning processes and policy. Lack of officer time. Existing national and local planning policy typically leads 

to air quality issues in practice being low in the decision-making process. 

 

 

Indicative Long-Term Costs and Sources

 

Officer time (£).

 

Dependencies

 

Proposed changes to the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), emerging local plans including 

enhanced air quality considerations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.8: WP8 - Natural Environment 

 

Natural Environment

 

Package Summary

 

Through its role as the Responsible Authority to deliver the Local Nature Recovery Strategy and the Natural Environment Plan, the WMCA is best 

placed to coordinate on natural environment aspects. To begin with, this will involve promoting the best ways to use the natural environment to 

improve air quality within the West Midlands, but also finding ways in which existing methods (such as biodiversity net gain (BNG)) can be leveraged to 

promote better air quality outcomes. 

 

Expected Delivery

 

Early-stage 

implementation.

 

Consisting of Framework Options

 

¥ Leverage modified biodiversity net gain BNG metrics to improve urban design and reduce exposure to poor air quality. (NBE1)

¥ Working though the Natural Environment Plan to identify best uses of green infrastructure for air quality. (NBE5)

 

 

Proposed WMCA Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to lead, with local authorities supporting on local implementation and policy.

 

Stakeholders / Consultees

 

Local authorities (air quality, public health, planning and natural environment teams), 

partners, communities, and developers.

 

Indicative Two-Year Costs and Sources

 

Officer time (+ DEFRA funding through Local Nature Recovery Strategy Responsible 

Authority function).

 

Risks

 

Uptake from constituent local authorities, developers (due to costs). Willingness for 

developers to engage. Lack of officer time.

 

 

Indicative Long-Term Costs and Sources

 

Officer time (£).

 

Dependencies

 

Local Nature Recovery Strategy, adjustment to BNG metrics.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.9: WP9 - Research 

 

Research

 

Package Summary

 

Further detailed research into real-world emissions and population exposure in the West Midlands is key in understanding the best measures and 

policy that can be applied. Extensive work is already being performed by WM-Air within the West Midlands, and this has directly informed this 

framework and implementation plan, but additional research will enable us to determine the best path to better air quality outcomes. Additionally, 

creating new links with research institutions and commercial partners will allow for the research into more complex issues within the region such as 

increased road wear and improving road surface materials.

 

Expected Delivery

 

Funding secured 

to early-stage 

implementation. 

 

Consisting of Framework Options

 

¥ Understand the relative importance of within-region emissions and transported air pollution for WMCA air quality. (MON5)

¥ Research into the real-world exposure of West Midlands residents (including the differences in exposure based on age and socio-economic situation) and what 

measures can be effectively implemented based on the findings. (PH5)

¥ Research on the effectiveness of new technologies for reducing pollutant concentrations in the built environment. (NBE12)

¥ Research the sources and methods for effective secondary aerosol formation reduction and how these can be implemented across commercial, industrial and 

agriculture. (CIA21)

 

 

Proposed WMCA Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to convene, with WM-Air at the University of Birmingham to lead.

 

Stakeholders / Consultees

 

Research institutions, WMCA, Local authorities (air quality, public health, and 

communication teams), TfWM, healthcare, communities, businesses, and industry.

 

Indicative Two-Year Costs and Sources

 

Utilising existing research streams (£).

 

Risks

 

Potential difficulty in providing the resolution required across the region. Additional 

data may be required for particular emission sources, which may be expensive. 

 

 

Indicative Long-Term Costs and Sources

 

TBC depending on funding coming forward and existing funding streams (££-£££).

 

Dependencies

 

Ongoing WM-Air funding and capacity within the workstreams. Finding research 

institutions with existing complementing workstreams or where there is funding 

available.

 

 

 

 

 

Tables 5.10 to 5.12 overleaf provide a summary of the measures that have not been put into a work package but are still a priority over the next two years. The measures 

mostly relate to transport, however, there are built environment and other considerations. As with the work packages above, the expected ‘delivery stage’ of the 

measures is subject to assessment, feasibility studies, business cases and funding.

 

 

 

Table 5.10: Transport for West Midlands and Local Authority Standalone Measures

 

Framework Option

 

TRN4 

 

TRN8 

 

TRN11 

 

TRN15

 

Measure

 

Introduction of new Low Traffic 

Neighbourhoods and local area 

environmental traffic management 

measures.

 

Achieve a zero emission West 

Midlands bus fleet by 2030 and 

consider use which brings greatest 

benefit to areas with poor air quality in 

the deployment strategy.

 

Explore the case for workplace 

parking levies and other effective 

demand management measures as 

part of area strategies for the West 

Midlands.

 

Speed limit reduction (or 

dynamic speed limits) on 

high-speed roads.

 

Expected 

Delivery Stage

 

Outline feasibility stage.

 

Early-stage implementation.

 

Outline feasibility stage.

 

Business case prepared.

 

Proposed WMCA 

Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to convene - TfWM and local 

authorities to lead.

 

WMCA to convene - TfWM and local 

authorities to lead.

 

WMCA to convene - TfWM and local 

authorities to lead.

 

WMCA to convene - TfWM 

and local authorities to lead.

 

Indicative Two-Year 

Costs and Sources

 

Officer time (£).

 

TBC - Dependant on implementation 

timescales, but most implementation 

expected to be outside of two years 

(£-££).

 

Officer time and dependant on 

appraisal required (£-££).

 

Delivery of a business case, 

estimated to be in the region 

of £30,000.

 

Indicative Long-Term 

Costs and Sources

 

Dependant on specific scheme. Will 

have associated assessment and 

feasibility costs. Local Transport Plan 

and other potential sources to be 

investigated. Could include section 

106 agreement or damage cost 

assessment funding steams (where in 

place and applicable) (£££).

 

Some funding available - ZEBRA 

funded 124 zero emission buses and 

Coventry All Electric Bus City (£££).

 

Officer and management time (£-££).

 

Dependant on scope scheme. 

However, officer time and 

assessment costs will be 

primary costs (££-£££).

 

Stakeholders/ 

Consultees

 

Communities and local businesses.

 

Communities, local businesses, and 

transport companies.

 

Communities and local businesses.

 

National Highways, 

communities, local 

businesses.

 

Risks

 

Community and business reception. 

Will require detailed assessment 

to identify any issues with 

redistribution.

 

Increase to ticket prices. May not 

always target the most deprived areas 

or those with the highest pollutant 

concentrations. Potential for unknown 

changes in particulate matter 

emissions due to heaver vehicles, but 

the change depends on the existing 

fleet.

 

May be difficult to promote politically 

across the West Midlands as it will 

be an additional cost to businesses/

workers.

 

Would require political sign 

off and National Highways 

support. Unknown level of 

upgrades required to enforce.

 

Dependencies

 

Promotion by local authorities and 

appropriate assessment.

 

LTP implementation.

 

Promotion by local authorities and 

appropriate assessment.

 

National Highways support.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.11: Additional Standalone Measures for WMCA, Transport for West Midlands and Local Authorities (1)

 

Framework Option

 

TRN16 

 

NBE2

 

NBE9

 

NBE11

 

Measure

 

Investigate the lowering and 

enforcement of speed limits in urban 

centres and residential areas to address 

localised transport related air pollution 

and increase active travel. This includes 

further roll-out of 20 mph speed limits.

 

Promote transport schemes 

and road alterations that 

include effective green 

infrastructure to reduce 

exposure to poor air quality.

 

Creation of Low Traffic 

Neighbourhoods and local 

area environmental traffic 

management as part of the 

design of new developments 

which promotes sustainable 

transport use.

 

Construction of new high quality cycle tracks and 

other cycle infrastructure in accord with West 

Midlands cycle network planning, including links 

between key developments and key services to 

promote mode shift from car.

 

Expected 

Delivery Stage

 

Outline feasibility stage.

 

Early-stage implementation.

 

Business case prepared.

 

Business case prepared.

 

Proposed WMCA 

Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to convene - TfWM and local 

authorities to lead.

 

WMCA to convene - TfWM 

and local authorities to lead.

 

WMCA to convene - TfWM and 

local authorities to lead.

 

WMCA to convene - TfWM and local authorities 

to lead.

 

Indicative Two-Year 

Costs and Sources

 

Delivery of a business case, estimated to 

be in the region of £30,000.

 

Officer time (£).

 

Officer time (£).

 

Dependant on specific scheme. Will have 

associated assessment and feasibility costs. Local 

Transport Plan and other potential sources to be 

investigated. Could include section 106 agreement 

or damage cost assessment funding steams (where 

in place and applicable) (£££).

 

Indicative Long-Term 

Costs and Sources

 

Dependant on scope. Will have 

associated assessment and feasibility 

costs. Local Transport Plan and other 

potential sources to be investigated. 

Could include section 106 agreement 

or damage cost assessment funding 

steams (where in place and applicable). 

(£££).

 

Officer time (£).

 

Dependant on specific scheme. 

Local Transport Plan and 

other potential sources to be 

investigated. Could include 

section 106 agreement or 

damage cost assessment 

funding (£££).

 

TBC 

 

Stakeholders/ 

Consultees

 

Communities and local businesses.

 

Communities, local 

businesses, research 

institutions.

 

Communities & local 

businesses.

 

Communities, local businesses, road safety teams, 

local and national cycling groups.

 

Risks

 

Potentially lower speeds in urban areas 

may worsen air quality. May need street 

feature changes instead and risks road 

safety.

 

Promoting green 

infrastructure that is 

effective. Long term 

maintenance costs. Space 

constraints. 

 

Will require detailed assessment 

to identify any issues with 

redistribution. Investment in 

alternative transport and cycle 

lanes etc.

 

Getting the required funding. Ensuring that the 

cycle lanes are fit for purpose and that modal shift 

occurs due to changes in behaviour. Minimising 

impacts on existing congested areas. 

 

Dependencies

 

Promotion by local authorities and 

appropriate assessment.

 

LTP and Natural 

Environment Plan 

implementation.

 

Promotion by local authorities 

through transport and planning, 

and appropriate assessment.

 

LTP implementation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 5.12: Additional Standalone Measures for WMCA, Transport for West Midlands and Local Authorities (2)

 

Framework Option

 

PPG14

 

PPG19

 

Stretch Air Quality Targets

 

Measure

 

Continue to roll out school streets 

programmes to reduce traffic and 

emissions in the vicinity of schools when 

there is transient exposure.

 

Provide training for members/decision makers/

local authority officers through a standalone air 

quality literacy training programme to ensure 

they are up to date on air quality matters.

 

The adoption of stretch targets which are more ambitious 

in terms of timescales and pollutant concentration targets 

than the UK Government air quality targets. These should be 

closer to World Health Organisation (WHO) targets for NO2 

and PM2.5 to benefit public health.

 

Expected 

Delivery Stage

 

Full implementation.

 

Full implementation.

 

Business case prepared and targets agreed.

 

Proposed WMCA 

Role and Ownership

 

WMCA to convene - TfWM and local 

authorities to lead.

 

WMCA to lead.

 

WMCA to lead in partnership with a delivery partner (such 

as WM-Air).

 

Indicative Two-Year 

Costs and Sources

 

Dependant on specific scheme. Will have 

associated assessment and feasibility 

costs. Local Transport Plan and other 

potential sources to be investigated. 

Could include section 106 agreement or 

damage cost assessment funding steams 

(where in place and applicable) (£££).

 

Funded through the DEFRA Air Quality grant.

 

Delivery of a business case and research, estimated to be in 

the region of £25,000, assuming WM-Air can be mobilised 

to support on the work with their regional air quality model. 

 

Indicative Long-Term 

Costs and Sources

 

TBC

 

Officer time and programme running costs (£).

 

N/A

 

Stakeholders/ 

Consultees

 

Communities, local businesses, police, 

road safety teams and transport 

companies.

 

Members and local authorities.

 

Members, local authorities, research partners. 

 

Risks

 

Impacts on parents where there aren’t 

viable alternatives to travel to school 

safely. Ensuring issues are not displaced.

 

Promotion will be required to ensure uptake.

 

Adoption across the region within air quality policies is key to 

ensure that the region has a common goal. Reliant on funding 

and adoption of Framework measures. Transboundary 

emissions are outside of the control of the region.

 

Dependencies

 

Continued support and implantation by 

TfWM and local authorities.

 

DEFRA Air Quality grant.

 

Utilisation of the WM-Air regional model for efficiency. 

Support from local authorities.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6. Delivery and ways of working

 

 

We are committed to making the work delivered 

through this Air Quality Framework Implementation Plan 

as open and transparent as possible. The WMCA is in 

the process of developing an air quality website where 

progress against our different projects/programmes 

will be shared. This will include a map illustrating the 

location of sensors with near to real time data on air 

quality across the WMCA region. Constituent local 

authorities will be able to add data and shape the 

website where possible. We will also look to publish 

data through the WMCA Environment and Energy 

Dashboard (which will be live in 2024).

 

Throughout our delivery, we will be evaluating the 

success of our projects and programmes. Given the 

diverse nature of our projects, there will not necessarily 

be a single approach to monitoring and evaluation; each 

project/programme will have its own methodology. 

There is also a commitment to provide regular updates 

to both the Environment and Energy Board, Transport 

Delivery Overview and Scrutiny and the Strategic 

Transport Board (outlined in the governance below).

 

 

¥ Greener Together Citizens’ Panel

 

 

The Greener Together Citizens’ Panel has also developed a number of guiding principles for our air quality project 

implementation and we are committed to working with these and the Panel hereon in. Bringing a representative 

group of citizens together is a powerful way to understand both acceptability and need for putting particular 

programmes and infrastructure in place, as well as to shape the way we deliver them. An initial report from the 

Greener Together Citizens’ Panel on air quality is available here.

 

For wider input and consultation, we also have the opportunity to discuss air quality related issues with the 

Greener Together Forum, a quarterly meeting open to anyone to attend.

 

¥ Implementation and Action

 

 

The establishment of a Framework Delivery Group, defined ways of working and defined governance will guide 

the Framework programme forward in an efficient manner. This will ensure that there is representation from 

relevant stakeholders and that work is driven forward in a responsible way, whilst maximising outcomes across 

the West Midlands. More details on the Framework Delivery Group can be found in 

Section 7.

 

Some packages and measures will require additional assessment, consultation, and funding. As such, there are 

varied levels of targeted delivery within the two-years this document covers. Typically, the implementation target 

for the larger and more complex packages and measures will be more towards feasibility and securing funding. 

This is to ensure that the packages and measures are appropriately appraised for impacts, communities are 

consulted and that the funding and resourcing is in place. This should not be seen as a lack of ambition, but as 

a drive to proceed with more complex action across the region as quickly as possible, in a way that is measured 

and can have the most meaningful impact. Detailed feasibility studies and business cases will also enable partner 

organisations such as WM-Air to assist with complex package appraisal to quantify the changes on communities 

and optimise health and economic outcomes.

 

Many of the engagement and behaviour change, communications and monitoring and digital packages can begin 

quickly and achieve early-stage to full implementation within the two-year period covered by this document. 

These packages have the potential to provide cost-efficient changes in behaviour that can reduce health impacts 

and make small changes to reduce emissions. Through secured DEFRA funding and the Framework, the increase 

in regional cooperation and coworking will provide a strong base to implement the larger regional packages and 

measures in the shortest timescales. 

 

Finally, any projects and programmes will be subject to sign-off through the WMCA’s Single Assurance Framework.

 

 

 

7. Governance and financing

 

 

To ensure that the Framework is delivering for the whole 

WMCA, we will establish an Air Quality Framework 

Delivery Group. The Group will form a core membership 

comprising the 7 constituent local authorities, WMCA 

and TfWM. This will also facilitate engagement with air 

quality partners (as identified in the Environment Act, 

2021) as well as bringing additional expertise on board 

to support different air quality issues that are common 

to all partners. 

 

Other relevant partners will either be included in the 

Framework Delivery Group itself or brought into task 

and finish groups to bring specific expertise forward 

as necessary. These additional partners could bring 

experience in relation to public health, environment, 

research and innovation. Suggestions made through the 

consultation process include: 

 

¥ Public health (Directors of Public Health as well 

as the UK Health Security Agency)

¥ Local authority representation (air quality, 

behaviour change and net zero officers)

¥ Community group representation

¥ Political stakeholder (such as a member of the 

WMCA Environment and Energy Board)

¥ A member of the University of Birmingham’s 

WM-Air Team

¥ Business representative

¥ Birmingham Airport

¥ National Highways

¥ National Express

¥ National Rail

¥ West Midlands Fire Service

 

 

Terms of reference for the Framework Delivery Group 

will be established with a proposal to meet quarterly. 

The task and finish groups will enable specific 

stakeholders to come together around focused/ 

technical issues such as planning, procurement or 

monitoring and data. 

 

It is important that the Framework Delivery Group 

compliments existing governance arrangements – this 

has been outlined in Figure 5 below. This recognises 

that air quality is of interest to both the environment and 

transport portfolios at the WMCA. The incorporation of 

wider governance arrangements and their role within 

the Framework Governance will be agreed by the 

Framework Delivery Group. 

 

Resourcing of the Air Quality Framework 

Implementation Plan will be critical for success. The 

DEFRA Air Quality grant, secured in March 2023, will 

support the implementation of some of the priority 

measures, especially in relation to behaviour change 

and establishment of a low-cost sensor network, and 

availability of data to support decision-making across 

the region. Bringing in experience from lessons learned 

in other project delivery, as well as consolidating the 

learning and sharing from projects delivered through 

the Framework Implementation Plan will be key. The 

successful delivery of other measures will be dependent 

on resourcing and business cases and subject to the 

WMCA Board approval. Financing and investment into 

delivery will be a central element of the Framework 

Delivery Group work.

 

WMCAExternalKey:

WMCA Air Quality FrameworkDirect reportsSupportsWMCA BoardEnvironment andEnergy BoardWMCA Overview 

and ScrutinyAir Quality FrameworkDelivery GroupWest Midlands Environmental 

Protection Group (WMEPG)

Air Quality FrameworkDelivery TeamThematic Task and 

Finish GroupsTransport Delivery Overviewand Scrutiny Commitee(Member Engagment Groups)

Strategic Transport Ocer Groups (STOG)

Transport Support Group (STG)

StrategicTransportBoard (STB)

Figure 5: Proposed WMCA Air Quality Framework Governance Structure

 

 

 

8. How you can get involved

 

 

Delivery of the actions in the Air Quality Framework 

Implementation Plan will need to be a collaborative 

effort. As highlighted in Figure 6, there are multiple 

stakeholders that will be important in supporting action 

over the two years of this Plan, and then delivering the 

remaining ambition set out in the West Midlands Air 

Quality Framework.

 

We will seek to provide opportunities for information-

sharing and collaboration as we deliver the Framework 

Implementation Plan. Some of these, including 

community engagement events and a conference, 

are part of an existing DEFRA-funded project.

 

If you would like to be kept up-to-date on our work 

on air quality, or would like to find out about how you 

could get more involved with delivery, then please 

email the WMCA Environment Team: 

environment@wmca.org.uk

 

 

 

Endnotes

 

1 Air Quality Framework. https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/environment-and-energy/air-quality

 

2 Air Quality Framework. https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/environment-and-energy/air-quality

 

 

3 Birmingham City Council, City of Wolverhampton Council, Coventry City Council, Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council, Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, 

Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council and Walsall Metropolitan Borough Council.

 

4 Cannock Chase District Council, North Warwickshire Borough Council, Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council, Redditch Borough Council, Rugby Borough Council, 

Shropshire Council, Stratford-on-Avon District Council, Tamworth Borough Council, Telford and Wrekin Council, Warwickshire County Council and Warwick District 

Council.

 

5 Environment Act 2021, c.30. Online: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2021/30/contents

 

6 The Environmental Targets (Fine Particulate Matter) (England) Regulations 2023 (SI 2023/96). 

Online: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/96/contents/made

 

 

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2023) Environmental Improvement Plan 2023. 

Online: Environmental Improvement Plan (publishing.service.gov.uk)

 

8 DEFRA (2023) Air quality strategy: framework for local authority delivery. 

Online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-air-quality-strategy-for-england/air-quality-strategy-framework-for-local-authority-delivery

 

 

An extensive evidence base on the impact of PM2.5 on health is outlined within the Chief Medical Officer’s annual report 2022. 

Online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1124738/chief-medical-officers-annual-report-air- 

pollution-dec-2022.pdf

 

10 

 

Department of Health and Social Care (2022) Chief Medical Officer’s 2022 Annual Report: Air Pollution. Online Chief Medical Officer’s annual report 2022: air 

pollution - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)

 

11 

 

Mitsakou C et al. (2022) UK Health Security Agency Chemical Hazards and Poisons Report Issue 28 – June 2022: Updated mortality burden estimates attributable 

to air pollution. Online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1083447/CHaPR_AQ_Special_ 

Edition_2206116.pdf 

 

12 

 

Zhong J et al. (2021) Atmosphere 2021, 12(8), 983: Using Task Farming to Optimise a Street-Scale Resolution Air Quality Model of the West Midlands (UK). Accessed 

online: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/8/983

 

13 

 

WM-Air (2022) Air Quality in the West Midlands: Option Paper Online: https://governance.wmca.org.uk/documents/s6510/Appendix.pdf

 

14 

 

Wood Group UK (2022) Study to identify potential measures to reduce future PM2.5 concentrations to inform PM2.5 target development. 

Online: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/reports/cat09/2302091627_Wood_Sector_Review_Report.pdf 

 

 

 

Appendix A - Glossary

 

Table A.1 – Glossary of Terms

 

Term

 

Meaning

 

Air quality (dispersion) model

 

An air quality dispersion model is a computer-based tool to predict how pollutants emitted from various sources, such as roads and 

industry disperse and affect the air quality in a specific geographic area. The models require various inputs including meteorological data, 

traffic data and emission inventory data to predict pollutant concentrations over a set time period (usually one year). They are predictions 

as there is inherent uncertainty and variability, however this can be minimised by using accurate inputs and validating models against 

known concentrations. Predicted data can be used to estimate pollutant concentrations in the future, however they are subject to greater 

uncertainty. 

 

Ambient air quality

 

The quality of the air in the outdoor environment

 

AQAP

 

Air Quality Action Plan - a comprehensive strategy developed and implemented by local authorities to address air quality issues and 

improve air quality within a specific area, typically an Air Quality Management Area. These plans are a key component of the Local Air 

Quality Management process and are designed to mitigate air pollution and protect public health and the environment.

 

AQ-LAT

 

A tool developed by WM-Air to estimate the future health and healthcare costs and benefits associated with changes in fine particulate 

matter and nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the West Midlands Combined Authority area.

 

AQMA / Air Quality 

Management Area

 

A designated area in the United Kingdom where air quality objectives and standards for specific air pollutants are not being met or are 

at risk of not being met. Local authorities declare Air Quality Management Areas to address and manage air quality issues in certain 

locations. The primary purpose of designating an Air Quality Management Area is to take targeted actions to improve air quality within 

that specific area.

 

ASR

 

Annual Status Report - a document that provides an overview of air quality in a specific area, typically at the local authority level. Local 

authorities are responsible for monitoring and assessing air quality within their jurisdictions, and the ASR is a key component of the Local 

Air Quality Management process.

 

Automatic air quality monitor 

 

A device or system designed to continuously and automatically measure and record various air quality parameters in the ambient 

environment. Typically, these are of 'reference' or 'reference equivalent' standard and can provide the most accurate monitoring data 

when properly calibrated and maintained. 

 

Biomass (combustion)

 

Organic materials, typically of plant or biological origin, that can be burned to produce heat or energy. Biomass combustion involves 

the burning of these organic materials, such as wood, agricultural residues, and other bio-based fuels, to generate heat, electricity, or 

other forms of energy. The burning of sustainable biomass is seen by some as one net zero solution, however there are local and regional 

air quality issues associated with the burning of biomass due to the releases of pollutants such as particulate matter. Using log burning 

appliances to burn biomass within the home presents a major risk to health due to the pollutants released both indoors and outdoors. 

 

CAZ / Clean air zone

 

An area where specific measures and regulations are put in place to improve air quality by reducing air pollution. The primary objective of 

a Clean Air Zone is to limit the impact of harmful air pollutants, particularly in areas where pollution levels exceed established legal limits. 

There are range of classes from A to D, where Class A enforces the least restrictions and Class D enforces the most restrictions on vehicle 

types. The Birmingham clean air zone is a Class D.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table A.1 – Glossary of Terms

 

Term

 

Meaning

 

Constituent local authorities

 

WMCA member local authorities with full voting rights. This is comprised of Birmingham City Council, City of Wolverhampton Council, 

Coventry City Council, Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council, Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, Solihull Metropolitan Borough 

Council and Walsall Metropolitan Borough Council.

 

DEFRA

 

Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

 

DLUHC

 

Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities

 

Domestic combustion

 

Primarily the burning of solid fuels in homes for heating and cooking purposes. It typically involves the use of open fires, wood-burning 

stoves, coal fires, and other forms of solid fuel heating and cooking appliances within residential properties. The combustion of solid fuels 

in households can be a significant source of air pollution, particularly in areas with a high prevalence of such practices. It also includes the 

use of gas appliances for cooking and heating. 

 

FDG

 

Framework Delivery Group

 

FIP / Framework Implementation 

Plan

 

The document containing the priority work packages and measures for implementation between 2023 and 2025 and is based on this 

Framework Document and inputs from consultees. 

 

Fraction of mortality attributable 

to particulate air pollution

 

A metric used to estimate the proportion of premature deaths within a population that can be attributed to exposure to particulate air 

pollution. 

 

Greener Together Citizens’ Panel

 

A group of 30 citizens of the West Midlands who are participating in a Panel to deliberate on some of the climate and environmental 

issues facing the West Midlands. More information on the Panel, and the selection process, can be found here: Greener Together Citizens 

Panel (wmca.org.uk)

 

Guiding principles 

 

A set of considerations proposed by the WMCA Greener Together Citizens’ Panel that should be used as part of the detailed assessment 

and implementation of Framework options, work packages and measures.

 

Indoor air quality

 

The condition of the air within indoor spaces, such as homes, offices, schools, and other enclosed environments. It encompasses the 

presence and concentration of various pollutants and contaminants in the indoor air and their potential impact on the health, comfort, and 

well-being of occupants. Maintaining good indoor air quality is essential for creating a healthy and comfortable indoor environment.

 

LA

 

Local authority

 

LAQM / Local Air Quality 

Management -

 

A framework established under the Environment Act 1995 to assess and manage air quality at the local level. It is designed to monitor and 

improve air quality in areas where pollution levels may be a concern. 

 

LEZ

 

Low Emission Zone

 

Low-cost sensor

 

A relatively affordable device designed to measure and monitor various air pollutants in the surrounding environment. These sensors are 

intended for widespread deployment, enabling individuals, communities, and organizations to access real-time or near-real-time data 

on air quality. While they may not provide the same level of accuracy as certified monitoring equipment, they serve as valuable tools for 

raising awareness about local air quality issues and for promoting citizen engagement in environmental monitoring efforts.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table A.1 – Glossary of Terms

 

Term

 

Meaning

 

LTP

 

Local Transport Plan

 

MCDA

 

Multi-criteria decision analysis - a structured decision-making approach that helps individuals or organizations evaluate and prioritize 

various options or alternatives when faced with complex decisions involving multiple, often conflicting, criteria or objectives. Multi-

criteria decision analysis provides a systematic framework for assessing, comparing, and ranking these alternatives to make informed 

choices.

 

Measure

 

A Framework option that has been selected for implementation.

 

NAEI / National Atmospheric 

Emissions Inventory

 

Estimates of the annual pollutant emissions within the UK based on a range of data sources. 

 

NH3 / Ammonia

 

A gas emitted from primarily agriculture that can play a major role in secondary particulate matter formation and have an impact on 

ecological receptors. 

 

NO2 / Nitrogen dioxide

 

A gaseous component of air pollution and is often produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, such as in car engines and power plants.

 

Non-constituent local authorities

 

WMCA member local authorities with reduced voting rights. This is comprised of Cannock Chase District Council, North Warwickshire 

Borough Council, Nuneaton and Bedworth Borough Council, Redditch Borough Council, Rugby Borough Council, Shropshire Council, 

Stratford-on-Avon District Council, Tamworth Borough Council, Telford and Wrekin Council and Warwickshire County Council. It also 

includes Warwick District Council as an observer with no voting rights.

 

NOx / Nitrogen oxides

 

A collective term used to refer to a group of reactive nitrogen oxide, primarily nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

 

NPPF / National Planning Policy 

Framework

 

A planning policy document used in England to guide the planning and development process. The National Planning Policy Framework 

sets out the government's planning policies for local authorities and decision-makers, providing a framework for making planning 

decisions and shaping land use and development across England.

 

NZ / Net zero

 

Refers to the balance between the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere and the amount removed from the 

atmosphere. Achieving net zero means that the total emissions of greenhouse gases are equal to the total removal of these gases from the 

atmosphere, effectively resulting in no additional increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases. This balance is crucial in the fight 

against climate change, as it aims to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, in line with the goals 

of the Paris Agreement.

 

Option

 

A proposed action within the Framework that can be selected for use as a standalone or combined into a work package for 

implementation.

 

PM / Particulate matter

 

A complex mixture of tiny solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air. These particles vary in size, composition, and origin and 

can have significant effects on air quality, human health, and the environment.

 

PM10

 

Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 micrometres.

 

PM2.5

 

Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres. Also known as fine particulate matter.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table A.1 – Glossary of Terms

 

Term

 

Meaning

 

Primary pollutants

 

Pollutants that are emitted directly into the atmosphere because of human activities or natural processes. These pollutants are released 

in their original form and are not the result of chemical reactions in the atmosphere. An example of a primary pollutant are gases such as 

NO2 produced during combustion. 

 

RAG / Red-amber-green

 

A traffic light rating system used to indicate the status of a variable using red, amber or green.

 

SCA / Smoke control area

 

A designated area where you cannot release smoke from a chimney; and you can only burn authorised fuel, unless you use an appliance 

approved by Defra. There are also penalties that can be applied if your chimney releases smoke in a smoke control area or if you buy 

unauthorised fuel to use in an appliance that’s not approved by Defra.

 

Secondary pollutants

 

Pollutants that are not emitted directly into the atmosphere but are formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions involving 

primary pollutants, atmospheric constituents (like sunlight, water vapor, and oxygen), and sometimes natural sources. An example of this 

is secondary particulate matter that is formed from ammonia due to reactions in the air.

 

TfWM / Transport for West 

Midlands

 

The public body responsible for co-ordinating transport services within the WMCA area.

 

UK

 

United Kingdom

 

VOC

 

Volatile Organic Compounds

 

WHO / World Health 

Organization

 

A specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.

 

WM-Air

 

The West Midlands Air Quality Improvement Programme – WM-Air is a NERC funded initiative, led by the University of Birmingham.

 

WMCA / West Midlands 

Combined Authority

 

West Midlands Combined Authority a regional governing body and partnership in the United Kingdom, established to promote 

economic growth, infrastructure development, and improved public services in the West Midlands region. It was created as part of the 

government's devolution agenda to empower regions and cities in England with greater decision-making powers and control over local 

issues. It was established by statutory instrument under the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009.

 

Work package

 

A group of measures brought together to form a larger package of work.

 

μm / Micrometre

 

One thousandth of a millimetre.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Appendix B – Proposed Government Priorities and Actions

 

The Air quality strategy: framework for local authority delivery policy paper provides an overview of the Government’s priorities and actions to address air quality issues. The 

actions will shape changes on a national scale and the West Midlands Air Quality Framework sits below it to realise change on a regional scale.

 

The priorities are:

 

¥ Planning reforms helping to deliver on air quality.

¥ Building capacity in local councils through training, guidance and knowledge sharing.

¥ Reducing emissions from industrial sources through improved enforcement of environmental permits.

¥ Reducing pollution from domestic burning through smoke control areas and cleaner fuels.

¥ Raising awareness within local communities of air quality impacts and how to reduce them.

¥ Boosting active travel and public transport to improve air quality.

 

 

The actions for the government are as follows:

 

¥ The government will align air quality reporting zones with local government boundaries, to empower councils, increase transparency and accountability.

¥ The government will work with local authorities to improve the UK-Air website and other air quality web services.

¥ The government will look to strengthen the effect of Smoke Control Areas. We will consult on tougher stove standards for Smoke Control Areas, potentially lowering the 

smoke limit for newly installed stoves from 5g smoke per hour.

¥ We will consult on tougher emission standards for Manufactured Solid Fuels reducing both smoke emissions and sulphur levels.

¥ We will explore policies to incentivise a shift from older, more polluting devices towards newer appliances which meet our tough new emission standard.

¥ We will provide updated guidance, templates, and information to support local authorities in reducing emissions from domestic burning.

¥ We will continue to roll out the UK best available techniques framework for large and medium industry, and develop it further to cover new technologies

¥ We are exploring a similar approach for smaller industrial installations, allowing out- dated regulatory standards to be updated more frequently.

¥ We will consider closer alignment between the Local Air Quality Management and permitting regimes, so that swifter, more complementary action can be taken to 

resolve local air quality issues.

¥ We will consider how to boost local authority regulatory capacity and capability including exploring how the fees and charges system can be improved to provide better 

cost recovery.

¥ We will require that an increasing proportion of car and van sales from each manufacturer are zero tailpipe emission from 2024 onwards.

¥ We are investing in research programmes to develop methods to prevent or reduce emissions from non-exhaust vehicle sources, such as brake and tyre wear.

 

 

 

 

¥ Through Active Travel England, we will continue to support cycling and walking.

¥ We will consider actions to improve air quality on the Strategic Road Network as part of developing the next Road Investment Strategy 2025 to 2030.

¥ The government will consult on bringing dairy and intensive beef farms within scope of environmental permitting.

¥ We will continue to issue funding to invest in slurry storage infrastructure to reduce ammonia emissions, with an increased budget of £33.9 million made available in 

April 2023 and two further rounds to follow.

¥ We will consult on new rules to reduce ammonia emissions from organic manure, including requirements for low emission techniques for slurry and digestate spreading.

¥ The government will develop new guidance on mould and damp for the housing sector.

¥ The government has launched the Air Quality Information System review in December 2021. The remit of the two-year review is to provide a series of actionable, 

evidence-based improvements which could be made to the government’s provision of air quality information.

¥ The government will develop a best practice guide on outdoor burning that can be provided to members of the public to help reduce emissions.

¥ The government will share communications assets and other material of wider relevance with local authorities to use in their own communications.

¥ We will consult further on the detail of a combined design stage emission prevention and quantitative assessment approach.

¥ The government will continue considering the responses to the recent National Planning Policy Framework consultation which closed on 2 March 2023.

 

 

 

 

Appendix C – Framework Contributors and Consultees

 

Table C.1 - Core Contributors and Consultees (to date)

 

Organisation

 

WMCA

 

TfWM

 

WM-Air at the 

University of Birmingham

 

Constituent Local Authorities (Air Quality)

 

WSP

 

Members

 

Alex Jones (WMCA 

Air Quality Framework 

Lead/WSP), 

Jackie Homan (Head of 

Environment) and 

Mike Webb (Natural 

Capital Programme 

Manager).

 

Jake Thrush (Associate 

Policy Adviser).

 

William Bloss (WM- Air 

Lead), 

Joe Acton (WM-Air 

Impact Fellow) and 

Catherine Muller (Project 

Manager).

 

Birmingham: Mark Wolstencroft 

(Operations Manager Environmental 

Protection), Paul Burns (Environmental 

Protection Officer) and Peter Mackintosh 

(Air Quality Projects Officer).

 

Coventry: Neil Chaplin (Principal 

Environmental Protection Officer) and Steve 

Dewar (Environmental Health Officer). 

Dudley: Ruth Burgin (Pollution Control 

Officer) and Ian Grove (Principal 

Environmental Health Officer).

 

Sandwell: Elizabeth Stephens (Senior 

Environmental Health Officer) and Sophie 

Morris (Public Health Specialist- Air Quality 

and Climate Change).

 

Solihull: Nick Laws (Senior Public Health 

Specialist) and Amanda Clover (Senior 

Development Officer).

 

Walsall: John Grant (Environmental 

Protection Manager) and Curtis Dean 

(Environmental Protection).

 

Wolverhampton: Shaun Walker (Service 

Lead – Environmental Crime).

 

Air Quality: 

Bethan Tuckett- Jones 

(Head of Profession for Air 

Quality), 

Joanna Rochfort

(Air Quality Team Lead), 

Peter Walsh (Technical 

Director), 

Andy Talbot (Associate 

Director), 

Sioni Hole (Principal 

Consultant) and 

Lee Shelton (Principal 

Consultant).

 

Behaviour Change: 

James Knoll-Pollard 

(Behavioural Design Lead).

 

Planning: 

Michael Wood (Technical 

Director).

 

Ecology: 

Joe Franklin (Associate 

Director), and Vaughn Lewis 

(Consultant).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table C.1 - Core Contributors and Consultees (to date)

 

Organisation

 

WMCA

 

TfWM

 

WM-Air at the 

University of Birmingham

 

Constituent Local Authorities (Air Quality)

 

WSP

 

Framework 

working 

group

 

 

 

 

 

Option 

Pre-Screen

 

 

Optioneering 

and Advisory

 

 

 

 

 

RAG

 

 

 

MCDA

 

 

 

 

✓ 

(Represented by Sophie Morris)

 

(Represented by Andy Talbot)

 

Option

Preferences

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table C.1 - Core Contributors and Consultees (to date)

 

Organisation

 

Members

 

WMCA

 

Katie Jepson (Environment Behaviour Change Project Officer), Ed Cox (Executive Director - Strategy, Integration and Net Zero) Richard Rees 

(Senior Programme Manager – Environment), and Tatum Matharu (Strategic Lead for Health Inequalities).

 

WMCA Panels / Groups

 

Transport Support Group (TSG - Heads of Service of the local authority transport departments and TfWM policy officers), Strategic 

Transport Officers Group (STOG - Directors of Transport Departments and TfWM Policy, Strategy and Innovation Department Director) and 

Transport Delivery Committee (TDC) Air Quality, Congestion and Environmental Sustainability Member Engagement Group, West Midlands 

Environmental Protection Group (WM-EPG).

 

TfWM

 

David Harris (Transport Strategy and Place Manager), Alex Greatholder (Principal Policy and Strategy Officer), Liam Edge (Transport Data 

Researcher), Claire Williams (Head of Cycling and Walking), Mitchell Robinson (Cycling and Walking Development Officer), Stuart Lester (Head 

of Transport Data), Helen Osborn (Travel Behaviour Specialist) and Gill Hunt (Travel Behaviour Specialist).

 

WM-Air at the University of 

Birmingham

 

Suzanne Bartington (WM-Air Health Effects Strand Lead) and Jian Zhong (WM-Air Model Development).

 

Constituent Local 

Authorities – Non air 

quality officers

 

Birmingham: Maria Dunn (Head of Development Policy), Sarah Scannell (Planning Assistant Director), Uyen-Phan Han (Planning Policy 

Manager), Chris Baggot (Public Health Service Lead) and Claire Humphries (Senior Public Health Officer).

 

Coventry: Alicia Phillips (Programme Manager for Inequalities in Built Environment), Emily Stewart (Programme Officer for Inequalities in Built 

Environment) and Angelia Baker (Consultant in Public Health and Inequalities).

 

Dudley: Joanne Todd (Development Manager).

 

Solihull: Mark Andrews (Head of Planning, Design and Engagement Services).

 

Wolverhampton: Perminder Balu (Head of Green Cities and Circular Economy.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

We acknowledge and thank the attendees of the Framework consultation workshop. The full list of attendees on the day is as follows:

 

¥ Maddy Dawe (Asthma + Lung UK)

¥ Maria Dunn (Birmingham City Council)

¥ Claire Humphries (Birmingham City Council)

¥ Peter Mackintosh (Birmingham City Council)

¥ Stephen Arnold (Birmingham City Council)

¥ Ian Braddock (Birmingham City Council)

¥ Waseem Zaffar (Clean Air Justice Network)

¥ Emily Stewart (Coventry City Council)

¥ Ruth Burgin (Dudley MBC)

¥ Ian Grove (Dudley MBC)

¥ Christopher King (Dudley MBC)

¥ Gordon Allison (DustScanAQ on behalf of South Coast Science)

¥ Chris Taylor (EarthSense Systems Limited)

¥ David Green (EarthSense Systems Limited)

¥ Greg Lewis (EarthSense Systems Limited)

¥ Kirsten de Vos (Mums for Lungs)

¥ Charlotte Harris (NHS England)

¥ Sophie Morris (Sandwell Council)

¥ Lucy Bastin (School of Computer Science, Aston University)

¥ Nick Laws (Solihull MBC)

¥ Amanda Clover (Solihull MBC)

¥ Tim Egan (Sustrans)

¥ David Clasby (Sustrans)

¥ Ninette Harris (The Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust)

¥ David Harris (Transport for West Midlands)

¥ Jake Thrush (Transport for West Midlands)

¥ Catherine Muller (University of Birmingham)

¥ Joe Acton (University of Birmingham)

¥ William Bloss (University of Birmingham)

¥ Zongbo Shi (University of Birmingham)

¥ Sue Jowett (University of Birmingham)

¥ James Hall (University of Birmingham)

¥ Damilola Agbato (Walsall MBC)

¥ Pat Fleming (Walsall MBC)

¥ Matthew Griffin (West Midlands Combined Authority)

¥ Bethany Haskins-Vaheesan (West Midlands Combined Authority)

¥ Jordan Gerrard (West Midlands Combined Authority)

¥ Nathan Morrison (West Midlands Combined Authority)

¥ Richard Rees (West Midlands Combined Authority)

¥ Grace Scrivens (West Midlands Combined Authority)

¥ Jackie Homan (West Midlands Combined Authority)

¥ Katie Jepson (West Midlands Combined Authority)

¥ Ritvick Nagar (West Midlands Combined Authority)

¥ Alex Jones (West Midlands Combined Authority/WSP)

¥ Liz Hopkins (West Midlands Fire Service)

¥ Ian Greatbatch (West Midlands Fire Service)

¥ John Newson (West Midlands Friends of the Earth)

¥ Joanna Rochfort (WSP)