Office for National Statistics (2024) Estimates of the population for England and Wales. Available at: Estimates of the population for England and Wales - Office for National Statistics
Office for National Statistics (2023) Age (c) and ethnic group. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/ populationestimates/datasets/estimatesofthepopulationforenglandandwales
Office for National Statistics (2022) Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM068/editions/ 2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/49693e65-5fc0-4579-a91b-15fc1dbfaea4# get-data
Office for National Statistics (2023) Disability, England and Wales: Census 2021. Available at: Disability - Office for National Statistics
Estimates of the population for England and Wales - Office for National Statistics
Office for National Statistics (2023) Gender identity, England and Wales: Census 2021. Available at: Gender identity, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics
Office for National Statistics (2023) Gender identity, England and Wales: Census 2021. Available at: Gender identity, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics
Office for National Statistics (2023) Sexual orientation, UK: 2021 and 2022. Available at: Sexual orientation - Office for National Statistics
Office for National Statistics (2022) Language, England and Wales: Census 2021. Available at: Main language - Office for National Statistics
Office for National Statistics (2022) Religion: Census 2021. Available at: Religion - Office for National Statistics
Office for National Statistics (2019) English indices of deprivation 2019. Available at: English indices of deprivation 2019 - GOV.UK
State of Nature (2023). Available at: TP25999-State-of-Nature-main-report_ 2023_FULL-DOC-v12.pdf
Local Government Association (2022) CO2 emissions estimates: Total per capita in West Midlands. Available at: CO2 emissions estimates - Total per capita in West Midlands | LG Inform
Enterprises (count) in West Midlands, CO2 emission estimates – Total in West Midlands. Available at: Enterprises (count) in West Midlands | LG Inform, CO2 emissions estimates - Total in West Midlands | LG Inform
Local Government Association (2022) CO2 emissions estimates: Transport in the West Midlands. Available at: CO2 emissions estimates - Transport in West Midlands | LG Inform
Local Government Association (2022) Total number of publicly available electric charging devices at all speeds in West Midlands. Available at: Total number of publicly available electric vehicle charging devices at all speeds in West Midlands | LG Inform
Office for National Statistics (2024) Regional economic activity by gross domestic product, UK: 1998 to 2022. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/bulletins/regionaleconomicactivitybygrossdomesticproductuk/ latest
Office for National Statistics (2024) Regional gross value added (balanced) by industry: all ITL regions. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/ grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalandrealregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedbyindustry
Office for National Statistics (2024) Regional gross disposable household income: city regions. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/regionalaccounts/ grossdisposablehouseholdincome/datasets/regionalgrossdisposablehouseholdincomebycombinedauthorityandcityregionsoftheuk
Office for National Statistics (2024) Regional gross disposable household income: local authorities by ITL1 region. Available at: https://www.ons.gov. uk/economy/regionalaccounts/grossdisposablehouseholdincome/datasets/ regionalgrossdisposablehouseholdincomelocalauthoritiesbyitl1region
Office for National Statistics (2024) Subregional productivity: labour productivity indices by city region. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/ economy/economicoutputandproductivity/productivitymeasures/datasets/ subregionalproductivitylabourproductivitygvaperhourworkedandgvaperfilledjobindicesbycityregion
GOV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures (2023) Permanent and temporary employment. Available at: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov. uk/work-pay-and-benefits/employment/permanent-and-temporary-employment/ latest/
Office for National Statistics (2024) Labour Market Profile - West Midlands Combined Authority. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/ lmp/comb/1853882375/report.aspx#tabeinact
Office for National Statistics (2024) Labour Market Profile - West Midlands Combined Authority. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/ lmp/comb/1853882375/report.aspx#tabeinact
Office for National Statistics (2024) Labour Market Profile - West Midlands Combined Authority. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/ lmp/comb/1853882375/report.aspx#tabeinact
Office for National Statistics (2024) Labour Market Profile - West Midlands Combined Authority. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/ lmp/comb/1853882375/report.aspx#tabeinact
Office for National Statistics (2024) Labour Market Profile - West Midlands Combined Authority. Available at: https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/ lmp/comb/1853882375/report.aspx#tabeinact
Office for National Statistics (2024) Which skills are employers seeking in your area? Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/ peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/articles/whichskillsareemployersseekinginyourarea/ 2024-11-05
Office for National Statistics (2024) Business demography, UK: 2023. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/ activitysizeandlocation/bulletins/businessdemography/2023
HM Revenue & Customs (2024), UK trade in goods statistics. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/uk-overseas- trade-statistics-and-regional-trade-statistics
Department for Business and Trade (2024), Inward investment results. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/inward-investment- results
CLES (2024), West Midlands Social Economy. Report prepared for the WMCA.
House of Commons Library (2024), Percentage of overall turnout for local elections. Available at: https://developertools.esd.org.uk/data?metric- Type=3361&area=E47000007%3AMetropolitanBorough&period=latest% 3A2&rowGrouping=area
The Electoral Commission (2023), Report on the May 2023 local elections in England. Available at: https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/research- reports-and-data/our-reports-and-data-past-elections-and-referendums/ report-may-2023-local-elections-england
West Midlands Combined Authority (2024) Election results for West Midlands. Available at: https://governance.wmca.org.uk/mgManageElectionResults. aspx?&TPID=4997545
International IDEA (2016) Voter Turnout Trends around the World. Available at: https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/voter-turnouttrends- around-world
Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport and Office for Civil Society (2024), Community Life Survey. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/community- life-survey--2#full-publication-update-history
House of Commons Library (2024), General election 2024 results. Available at: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp- 10009/
Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport and Office for Civil Society (2024), Community Life Survey. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/community- life-survey--2#full-publication-update-history
HM Land Registry (2024) UK House Price Index summary: September 2024. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-houseprice- index-for-september-2024/uk-house-price-index-summary-september- 2024#access-the-data
Office for National Statistics (2023) Private rental market summary statistics in England. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ housing/bulletins/privaterentalmarketsummarystatisticsinengland/ october2022toseptember2023
Office for National Statsitics (2024) Private rental affordability, England and Wales. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ housing/datasets/privaterentalaffordabilityengland
Office for National Statistics (2024) House price to workplace-based earnings ratio. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ housing/datasets/ratioofhousepricetoworkplacebasedearningslowerquartileandmedian
MoneyHelper Available at: https://www.moneyhelper.org.uk/en/homes/ buying-a-home/how-much-can-you-afford-to-borrow-for-a-mortgage [Accessed 10th January 2025]
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (2024) Live tables on rents, lettings and tenancies. Available at: https://assets. publishing.service.gov.uk/media/674d6d365ba46550018cecfc/Live_Table_ 600.ods
Regulator of Social Housing (2024) Registered provider social housing stock and rents in England Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/ statistics/registered-provider-social-housing-stock-and-rents-in-england- 2023-to-2024
GOV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures (2024) Social housing lettings. Available at: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/housing/ social-housing/social-housing-lettings/latest/
Crisis (2024) Crisis and Zoopla Quarter 2 2023/24. Available at: https:// www.crisis.org.uk/media/aateh4z1/falling-short-housing-benefit-and-therising- cost-of-renting-in-england-august-2022-zoopla-and-crisis-pdf.pdf
Savills (2024) Local Housing Allowance: what can claimants afford? Available at: https://www.savills.co.uk/research_articles/ 229130/357759-0 [Accessed 7th January 2025]
Valuation Office Agency (2024) Local Housing Allowance (LHA) rates applicable from April 2024 to March 2025. Available at: https://www.gov. uk/government/publications/local-housing-allowance-lha-rates-applicablefrom- april-2024-to-march-2025
GOV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures (2024) Stop and search. Available at: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/crime-justice- and-the-law/policing/stop-and-search/latest/
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (2024) Tables on homelessness. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data- sets/live-tables-on-homelessness
Additional Temporary Accommodation Breakdowns - 31 March 2024. Available at: https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src= https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F66fd337430536cb927482aa4% 2FAdditional_temporary_accommodation_ breakdowns__31_March_2024.ods&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK
Percentage of addresses with gigabit availability in Birmingham and the WMCA. Available at: Percentage of addresses with Gigabit availability in Birmingham | LG Inform
Percentage of addresses with gigabit availability in the West Midlands. Available at: Percentage of addresses with Gigabit availability in West Midlands | LG Inform
Proportion of people aged 16 and over satisfied with green and natural spaces in their local area. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service. gov.uk/media/674f349bd7e2693e0e47d059/Community_Life_Survey_ 2023_24_Annual_tables_-_for_publication.ods
Department for Transport (2024) Motor vehicle traffic measured in billion vehicle miles by vehicle type in the West Midlands. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/road-traffic-statistics- tra#traffic-by-local-authority-tra89
Department for Transport (2024) Proportion of WMCA adults, walking at least 5 times per week. Available at: DfT - CW stats - cw0303, Walking and cycling statistics (CW) - GOV.UK
Department for Transport (2024) of WMCA adults, cycling at least 5 times per week. Available at: DfT - CW stats - cw0302, Walking and cycling statistics (CW) - GOV.UK
Department for Transport (2024)The proportion of trip legs taken by those living in the West Midlands metropolitan area which are by sustainable modes of travel, defined as all modes of travel besides the private car. Available at: Modal Share Outputs.xlsx
Job availability in a 45-minute journey by public transport. Available at: TFWM Data Insight Team
Department for Transport (2024) Vehicle KM Travelled by West Midlands Bus. Available at: DfT - BUS02d_km, Bus statistics data tables - GOV.UK
Vehicle KM Travelled by West Midlands Rail. Available at: ORR - Table-1253-passenger-vehicle-kilometres-by-operator, https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/passenger-rail-usage/table- 1253-passenger-vehicle-kilometres-by-operator/
Vehicle KM by West Midlands Metro. Available at: DfT - lrt0105, Light rail and tram statistics, England: year ending March 2024 - GOV.UK
Office for National Statistics (2024) Nomis – Official Census and Labour Market Statistics. Available at: Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics
West Midlands Combined Authority (2023) West Midlands Combined Authority: Improving the level 3 skills offer for adults. Available at: https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/employment-and-skills/improvingthe- level-3-skills-offer-for-adults/
West Midlands Combined Authority (2023) West Midlands Combined Authority: Improving the level 3 skills offer for adults. Available at: https://www.wmca.org.uk/what-we-do/employment-and-skills/improvingthe- level-3-skills-offer-for-adults/
Department for Education (2024) Widening participation in higher education. Available at: https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/ find-statistics/widening-participation-in-higher-education
Department for Education (2024) Apprenticeships and traineeships. Available at: Apprenticeships and traineeships, Academic year 2022/23 - Explore education statistics - GOV.UK
Dickinson, P., & Hogarth, T. (2021). The Benefits of Hindsight: Assessing the impact of apprenticeship reforms on employer behaviour.
Department for Education (2024) Key stage 4 performance 2023 (revised). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/key-stage-4-performance- 2023
Department for Education (2024) Key stage 4 performance 2023 (revised). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/key-stage-4-performance- 2023
Department for Education (2025) Pupil attendance in schools. Available at: https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/pupil-attendance- in-schools
Department for Education (2024) Key stage 4 performance 2024. Available at: Key stage 4 performance 2024 - GOV.UK
Office for National Statistics (ONS), released 4 December 2024, ONS website, statistical bulletin, Life expectancy for local areas of Great Britain: between 2001 to 2003 and 2021 to 2023
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Public health profiles (2025) - Mortality Profile. Available at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Public health profiles (2025) - Healthy life expectancy at birth. Available at: https://fingertips. phe.org.uk/
Office for National Statistics (2024) Health state life expectancies in England, Northern Ireland and Wales: between 2011 to 2013 and 2020 to 2022. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ healthandsocialcare/healthandlifeexpectancies/bulletins/healthstatelifeexpectanciesuk/ between2011to2013and2020to2022
Baldo, C., Zhong, J., Hall, J.A., Muller, C., Bartington, S.E., Bloss, W.J & the WM-Air Team. New Air Quality Targets and Interim Goals for Fine Particulate Matter – PM2.5: Implications for the West Midlands. WM-Air Project, University of Birmingham. Funding provided by NERC grant NE/ S003487/1”
Deprivation in Birmingham - Analysis of the 2019 Indices of Deprivation (December 2019). Available at https://www.birmingham.gov.uk/download/ downloads/id/2533/index_of_deprivation_2019.pdf
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Public health profiles (2025) - Air pollution: fine particulate matter. Available at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Public health profiles (2025) - Smoking prevalence in adults. Available at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/
Office for National Statistics (ONS), released 14 December 2023, ONS website, article, Drug misuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2023. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ crimeandjustice/articles/drugmisuseinenglandandwales/yearendingmarch2023
Office for National Statistics (ONS), ONS website, statistical bulletin, Adult smoking habits in the UK: 2023 - E-cigarette use in England. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/ healthandlifeexpectancies/bulletins/adultsmokinghabitsingreatbritain/ 2023#:~:text=Around%205.1%20million%20adults%20aged,and%20 Lifestyle%20Survey%20(OPN)
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Public health profiles (2025) - Percentage of physically active adults. Available at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Public health profiles (2025) - Obesity Profile. Available at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/
Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Public health profiles (2025) - Self reported wellbeing. Available at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/
Office for National Statistics (2021) Census 2021. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/census
West Midlands Combined Authority (2024) West Midlands State of the Region 20203-2024: Available at: https://www.wmca.org.uk/media/bipfjwys/ state-of-the-region-2023-report-250324.pdf
National Child Mortality Database (2024) Child Death Review Data Release: Year ending 31 March 2024. Available at: https://www.ncmd.info/ publications/child-death-review-data-release-2024/
GOV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures (2024) GCSE results (Attainment 8). Available at: GCSE results (Attainment 8) - GOV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures
Office for National Statsitics (2023) Ethnicity pay gaps, UK: 2012 to 2022. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/ earningsandworkinghours/articles/ethnicitypaygapsingreatbritain/ 2012to2022
Office for National Statistics (2024) Gender pay gap in the UK: 2024. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/ earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/genderpaygapintheuk/2024
GOV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures (2024) Stop and Search. Available at: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/crime-justice-and-thelaw/ policing/stop-and-search/latest/#by-ethnicity
GOV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures (2024) Social housing lettings. Available at: Social housing lettings - GOV.UK Ethnicity facts and figures
Transport for West Midlands (2024) TfWM Travel Trends and Behaviours Survey Q2 2024/25 (not published)
